Abstract
Background
Hypothermia is considered neuroprotective and a potential treatment in cerebral ischemia. Some studies suggest that hyperthermia may promote clot lysis. We hypothesized that low body temperature would prolong time to spontaneous clot lysis resulting in an association between low body temperature and severe neurological deficits in the early phase of ischemic stroke.
Methods
In this prospective study, patients (n = 516) exhibiting ischemic stroke with symptom onset within 6 hours were included. Body temperature and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score were registered on admission. Because low body temperature on admission may be secondary to immobilization due to large stroke, separate analyses were performed on patients with cerebral hemorrhage admitted within 6 hours (n = 85).
Results
Linear regression showed that low body temperature on admission was independently associated with a high NIHSS score within 6 hours of stroke onset in patients with ischemic stroke (P < 0.001). The association persisted when NIHSS was measured at 24 hours after admission. No such associations were found in patients with cerebral hemorrhage admitted within 6 hours of stroke onset.
Conclusion
Our study suggests that low body temperature within 6 hours of symptom onset is associated with severe ischemic stroke. This is in support of our hypothesis, although other contributing mechanisms cannot be excluded.
Keywords: body temperature, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, clot lysis
Introduction
Hypothermia is generally known as a potent neuroprotectant in cerebral ischemia. Animal studies have shown an association between increased body temperature and increased stroke volume.1,2 Observation studies in stroke patients have shown an association between increased body temperature within the first 12 to 24 hours of stroke onset, and poor prognosis.3–5 This was confirmed in a large meta-analysis including patients with cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and neurological injury.6
Some studies also suggest that temperature may affect clot lysis. In this context, it has been reported that streptokinase increases fibrinolysis at higher temperatures, and an in vitro study showed less clot lysis at lower temperatures when tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was added to clot suspensions.7,8 Heating the tPA resulted in faster clot lysis in patients with acute lower limb ischemia when treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis.9
We recently reported that a beneficial effect of high body temperature on clot lysis may be more important than the neuroprotective effect of low body temperature in the early phase after cerebral infarction in patients treated with tPA.10 This may suggest caution is required when lowering body temperature in stroke patients receiving tPA in the early phase.
In the present study we aimed to further analyze the effect of body temperature on the severity of stroke symptoms in the early phase after onset of ischemic stroke. Many patients experience rapid spontaneous clot lysis thereby improving prognosis. We hypothesized that low body temperature prolongs time to spontaneous clot lysis, suggesting that severe neurological deficits are associated with low body temperature in the early phase of ischemic stroke.
Methods
All consecutive patients with acute cerebral infarction (the index stroke) admitted to the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital between February 2006 and February 2010 were prospectively registered in a database (The Bergen NORSTROKE Registry). The stroke center at Haukeland University hospital (catchment area approximately 250,000 inhabitants) received all patients admitted with a possible stroke, regardless of age or stroke severity. In addition, patients with stroke aged <60 years from a neighboring area (approximately 120,000 inhabitants) were admitted. Patients may have been admitted directly without prior medical examination if they presented with persistent or transient acute symptoms that included sudden loss of strength in one body half, sudden loss of speech, and/or sudden loss of vision in one eye. If symptoms started within the last 6 hours, the patient was brought in by an emergency ambulance. Cerebral infarction was defined in accordance with the Baltimore–Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study criteria comprising neurological deficits lasting more than 24 hours because of ischemic lesions or transient ischemic attacks where computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed infarctions related to the clinical findings.11
Baseline body temperature was measured upon admission to the hospital. Prior to temperature measurement, no temperature intervention (paracetamol or intravenous administration of fluids) was provided. During the period of February 2006 to September 2009, patients’ temperature was measured primarily with an infrared tympanic temperature device (LighTouch- LTX; Exergen Corp, Watertown, MA). The precision of this method has been validated in several studies.12–15 Between September 2009 and February 2010, patients’ temperature was primarily measured using a temporal artery thermometer (Exergen TemporalScanner; Exergen Corp). This thermometer has a reported accuracy of ±0.1°C.16 In a study of 57 critically ill patients, no significant difference was found between the pulmonary artery and temporal artery measurements.17
We performed a separate Student’s t-test analysis comparing the body temperatures of the patients admitted before September 2009 with the body temperatures of the patients admitted after September 2009, and found no significant difference. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess stroke severity on admission. tPA was administered to eligible patients according to the SITS protocol. In addition, tPA was administered in the 3 to 4.5 hour timeframe and to patients >80 years of age based on a case by case evaluation. Short-term outcomes were defined by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score on day 7 or at discharge, if discharged earlier.
Current smoking was defined as smoking at least one cigarette per day. Diabetes mellitus was considered present if the patient was on a glucose-lowering diet or medication. Renal impairment was defined as a serum creatinine level above 100 μmol/L on admission.18
Hypertension was considered present if diagnosed by a physician any time before stroke onset. Atrial fibrillation required electrocardiography (ECG) confirmation any time prior to stroke onset or during the hospital stay. Etiology was determined by the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification (TOAST) and classified as large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small vessel disease, other, and unknown.19
Statistics
The study population included patients with ischemic stroke admitted within 6 hours of symptom onset. Student’s t-test was used for continuous variables. Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test were used to analyze categorical variables. A linear regression analysis was performed with NIHSS score on admission as the dependent variable. NIHSS score was treated as a continuous variable. A logistic regression analysis was performed with mRS 0–2 or 3–6 as the dependent variable, while sex, age, and temperature on admission were the independent variables. The relation between body temperature and NIHSS score on admission was visualized by Lowess function. Because low body temperature on admission may be secondary to immobilization due to large stroke, a separate analysis was performed on patients with cerebral hemorrhage admitted within 6 hours. STATA 11 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was used for analyses.
Results
In total, 516 patients with ischemic stroke were admitted within 6 hours of stroke onset, with a total of 212 (41.1%) females and 304 (58.9%) males. Table 1 shows the characteristics of these patients. Mean age was 70.4 years. On admission, median NIHSS score was 4 (interquartile range 2–11), and mean body temperature was 36.6°C. Median time between ictus and temperature measurement was 109.7 minutes (interquartile range, 73.1–188.4). A total of 85 patients admitted within 6 hours of stroke onset had cerebral hemorrhage; 56 (66%) males and 29 (34%) females. Mean age was 71.5 years and median NIHSS score on admission was 13 (interquartile range, 6–21). An analysis of differences in baseline characteristics (the same variables were used as in Table 1) of patients with high and low body temperature on admission (cutoff value median 36.6°C) was performed. In the ischemic group there were more males in the group with low temperatures (P = 0.009). There was also a significantly longer duration between symptom onset and temperature measurement in the patients with high temperatures (P < 0.001). There were no significant baseline differences in the hemorrhage group.
Table 1.
Demography of patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted within 6 hours (n = 516)
| Age, mean (SD) | 70.4 (14.3) |
| Female | 212 (41.1%) |
| Male | 304 (58.9%) |
| NIHSS score on admission, median (IQR) | 4 (2–11) |
| Body temperature on admission, mean (SD) | 36.6 (0.6) |
| Minutes between ictus and temperature measurement, median (IQR) | 109.7 (73.1–188.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure on admission, mean (SD) | 165 (29) |
| Diastolic blood pressure on admission, mean (SD) | 86 (18) |
| Glucose on admission, mean (SD) | 6.9 (2.5) |
| mRS score day 7, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) |
| Hypertension | 253 (49.4%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 65 (12.8%) |
| Renal impairment | 102 (19.7%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 151 (26.3%) |
| Prior cerebral infarction | 70 (13.7%) |
| Myocardial infarction | 86 (16.1%) |
| Statin medication | 126 (24.4%) |
| Vitamin K antagonist medication | 44 (8.5%) |
| TOAST | |
| Atherosclerosis | 63 (12.2%) |
| Cardiac embolism | 175 (33.9%) |
| Small vessel disease | 40 (7.8%) |
| Other | 11 (2.1%) |
| Unknown | 227 (44.0%) |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; SD, standard deviation; TOAST, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Figure 1 shows the relationship between body temperature on admission within 6 hours of stroke onset in patients with ischemic stroke and their corresponding NIHSS scores. The correlation between NIHSS score and body temperature on admission was r = −0.17 (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between NIHSS score and body temperature on admission within 6 hours of stroke onset in patients with cerebral hemorrhage (P = 0.58).
Figure 1.
The relationship between NIHSS score and body temperature on admission in patients with ischemic stroke.
Abbreviation: NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
Linear regression with NIHSS score on admission as the dependent variable showed that low body temperature on admission was independently associated with high NIHSS score within 6 hours of stroke onset in patients with ischemic stroke (Table 2). No such association was found in patients with cerebral hemorrhage admitted <6 hours (Table 2). Linear regression still showed a significant association between low body temperature measured on admission and high NIHSS score measured 24 hours after admission in ischemic stroke (Table 3). Modified Rankin Scale was assessed at day 7 after admission or at discharge, if discharged earlier. When dichotomized – mRS 0–2 as favorable outcome and mRS 3–6 as unfavorable outcome – we found a significant association between low body temperature and unfavorable outcome in ischemic stroke on logistic regression analysis with mRS 0–2 or 3–6 as the dependent variable, and gender, age, and temperature on admittance as the independent variables (odds ratio = 0.69, P = 0.008) (analysis not shown).
Table 2.
Linear regression analyses with NIHSS score on admission as dependent variable
| Cerebral infarction <6 hours | Cerebral hemorrhage <6 hours | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Beta | P | Beta | P | |
| Sex | 0.03 | 0.49 | 0.18 | 0.13 |
| Age | 0.15 | 0.001 | −0.02 | 0.87 |
| Body temperature | −0.17 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 0.41 |
| Systolic blood pressure | −0.12 | 0.006 | −0.06 | 0.60 |
| Glucose | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.95 |
| Prior cerebral infarction | −0.09 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.66 |
| Time ictus–temperature measurement | −0.18 | <0.001 | −0.15 | 0.18 |
Abbreviation: NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
Table 3.
Linear regression analyses with NIHSS score 24 hours after admission as dependent variable (independent variables on admission)
| Cerebral infarction <6 hours | Cerebral hemorrhage <6 hours | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Beta | P | Beta | P | |
| Sex | 0.04 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.62 |
| Age | 0.19 | 0.001 | −0.07 | 0.75 |
| Body temperature | −0.20 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.72 |
| Systolic blood pressure | −0.16 | 0.003 | −0.13 | 0.51 |
| Glucose | 0.07 | 0.20 | −0.09 | 0.63 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0.04 | 0.54 | −0.28 | 0.16 |
| Prior cerebral infarction | −0.07 | 0.22 | −0.35 | 0.006 |
| Time ictus–temperature measurement | −16 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.97 |
Abbreviation: NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.
Discussion
Our findings support our hypothesis that in patients with ischemic stroke, low body temperature was associated with severe neurological deficits on admission within 6 hours of stroke onset. Two possible pathophysiological mechanisms may explain this result. Low body temperature may cause larger clot formation than high body temperature due to a larger imbalance between coagulation and lysis in favor of coagulation at low body temperature. This mechanism is speculative since other studies have shown that even mild hypothermia has been demonstrated to significantly impair coagulation resulting in prolonged coagulation time.20,21 Another possible mechanism is that spontaneous lysis takes place more slowly at low body temperature, resulting in prolonged time to spontaneous recanalization, which may be related to more severe neurological deficits in the early phase of ischemic stroke. Also this hypothesis remains largely speculative given that we do not have data or imaging regarding vessel occlusion and recanalization.
Our results may explain the disappointing results of previous attempts to treat stroke patients with different cooling strategies.22–24 A systematic review of clinical randomized trials could not provide evidence that either pharmacological or physical temperature-lowering in the acute phase of stroke decreases the risk of death or dependence on assistance with daily function.25 Although cooling provides a neuroprotective effect, the prolonged time to spontaneous recanalization may negate this benefit. An animal study conducted to assess the safety of sonothrombolysis showed that insonation causes a moderate increase in brain temperature (0.9°C), but without histopathological changes.26 It is possible that targeted warming of the blood clot with sonothrombolysis and simultaneous cooling of the brain is a better strategy in patients with ischemic stroke in the early phase of stroke onset.
Compatible with this study, a prospective study of 725 patients with stroke admitted within 6 hours of symptom onset found a relationship between low body temperature on admission and stroke severity.5 It was assumed that the severe stroke patients would lose body temperature faster during transportation because of lack of muscle activity resulting in a lower body temperature on admission. Likewise, a recent study examining 1332 stroke patients admitted within 12 hours of symptom onset showed that patients with severe stroke had relatively low body temperatures at baseline (median time from stroke onset to measurement of body temperature was 360 minutes), conceivably because of a faster loss of body temperature before hospital admission as a result of less muscle activity.27
Because immobilization after severe stroke may possibly result in low body temperature, we analyzed the relationship between body temperature and severity of neurological deficits in patients admitted with cerebral hemorrhage within 6 hours of symptom onset. We did not find an association between neurological deficits and body temperature in these patients. It seems unlikely that there is an association between body temperature and neurological deficits in patients with ischemic stroke due to immobilization, but no such association in patients with cerebral hemorrhage.
There is a discrepancy between our results and the results found in other studies which have mainly found an association between high body temperature and severe stroke.3–5,28,29 This discrepancy may be due to differences in study design. We were interested in the possible effect of body temperature on clot lysis, which may be best investigated in the very early phase after symptom onset. Most studies have evaluated the association between body temperature and severity of stroke among patients admitted more than 6 hours after stroke onset. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effect of low body temperature on neural tissue may outweigh the beneficial effect of high body temperature on clot lysis, but only beyond the early phase (ie, more than a few hours after stroke onset). Future studies should stratify patients according to the different timeframes of the different pathophysiological mechanisms in acute stroke. In addition, many studies have included both patients with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage. Given that temperature may affect these patient groups differentially, it is important to study each group separately.
A strength of this study is that the study protocol employed ensured identical monitoring of the patients in a single healthcare center. However, it should be noted that there are some limitations in the present study. First, systematic transcranial Doppler examinations were not performed. We therefore have no data to correlate body temperature with recanalization. Although the correlation between NIHSS score and body temperature was significant, the correlation was not particularly robust. We acknowledge that our results can possibly be explained by immobility and subsequent increased temperature loss in patients with larger strokes, although we could not find this association in patients with cerebral hemorrhage. The lack of such an association in patients with cerebral hemorrhage could, however, be explained by the small number of patients in this group. Nevertheless, including only the first 80 patients with cerebral infarction admitted within 6 hours still illustrated a highly significant association between stroke severity and body temperature (analysis not shown).
In conclusion, our study suggests that low body temperature within 6 hours of symptom onset is associated with more severe stroke. This may be due to a detrimental effect of low body temperature on clot lysis, although other contributing mechanisms cannot be excluded.
Footnotes
Disclosure
This study was not funded by any external source. There was no conflict of interest.
References
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