Abstract
Objective: to explore the preferences of community-dwelling older persons regarding different programme formats for managing concerns about falls.
Subjects and design: cross-sectional study of 5,755 community-dwelling people aged ≥70 years in the Netherlands.
Methods: a questionnaire assessed people's willingness to participate per programme format (n = 6), i.e. a programme at home, via telephone, via home visits and telephone consultations, via television or via Internet.
Results: of the 2,498 responders, 62.7% indicated no interest in any of the formats. The willingness to participate per programme format varied between 21.5 (at home) and 9.4% (via Internet). Among people interested in at least one of the formats (n = 931), higher levels of fall-related concerns were associated with increased preference for a programme with home visits. Poor perceived health and age ≥80 years were associated with less preference for a group programme. Higher educated people were more in favour of a programme via Internet compared with their lower educated counterparts.
Conclusion: the majority of community-dwelling older people are not likely to participate in any of the six proposed programme formats for managing concerns about falls. However, when diverse formats of effective programmes will be made available, uptake and adherence may be increased since programme preferences are associated to specific population characteristics.
Keywords: aged, fear of falling, programme formats, patient preference, accidental falls, elderly
Introduction
Concerns about falls, often labelled as fear of falling, are frequently reported by community-dwelling older people [1]. Concerns about falls may lead to negative consequences such as activity avoidance [2, 3], physical decline [4], increased fall risk [5, 6], reduced quality of life [7], feelings of depression and anxiety [8] and increased risk of nursing home admission [7]. Certain programmes have the ability to reduce concerns about falls, whether they are primarily or not primarily focused on managing concerns about falls [9]. Nevertheless, among the eligible populations in trials that primarily focused on these concerns, the older people's willingness to take part in (mostly group) programmes was rather low [10–14]. Moreover, drop-out rates of up to 40% among participants who enrolled in a programme are not uncommon [10–17]. This low uptake and high drop-out rate may be caused by various factors—for example, a mismatch between programme requirements and participants' capabilities, or between the programme format and participants' preferences. Clearly, a match between preferences and the programme format may increase uptake and adherence.
Yardley et al. studied older people's preferences regarding three fall prevention activities: (i) professionally supervised strength and balance training in a group; (ii) strength and balance training at home following general instructions and (iii) support regarding home modifications. The home-based programmes better suited the respondents' preferences: around 60% indicated their interest for a home-based programme versus 40% for the group-based programme [18]. However, there is hardly any knowledge regarding the willingness of older people to participate in a programme aimed at managing concerns about falls and whether this willingness to participate is related to the format in which the programme is offered—for instance, via telephone, television or Internet.
The aim of this study was to explore the preferences of community-dwelling older people regarding six different formats of a programme that primarily focuses on managing concerns about falls. In addition, the associations between format preferences and several demographic, health-related and fall-related characteristics were studied.
Methods
Study design and participants
A cross-sectional study was carried out in the south of the Netherlands as part of the screening procedure for an RCT. Between March and December 2009, a short questionnaire was mailed to 5,755 community-dwelling people aged ≥70 years. People from the general population were randomly selected to participate in the study by local municipal registry offices. A reminder was sent if the questionnaire was not returned within a fortnight. The Medical Ethics Committee of Maastricht University/Academic Hospital Maastricht approved this study.
Measures
To assess the willingness of respondents to participate in a programme for managing concerns about falls, the following question was formulated:
There are different ways to learn how to manage concerns about falls. A number of possible programme formats, which consist of eight sessions each and are supervised by a community nurse, are presented below. Consider that you are concerned about falling and that you would like to do something about this. In which of the following programme formats would you be willing to participate: (1) in a group (programme with 8–10 persons located in you neighbourhood); (2) at home; (3) by telephone; (4) at home and by telephone (a combination of format 2 and 3); (5) via television or (6) via Internet?
For each format, people indicated their willingness to participate by answering with ‘definitely yes’, ‘maybe yes’, ‘maybe no’ or ‘definitely no’.
Furthermore, concerns about falls (‘Are you concerned about falling?’) and associated activity avoidance (‘Do you avoid certain activities due to concerns about falls?’) were assessed. Answer options were: ‘never’, ‘almost never’, ‘sometimes’, ‘regularly’, ‘often’ and ‘very often’. These answer options were then arranged in categories of ‘never’ (i.e. never and almost never), ‘sometimes’ and ‘often’ (i.e. regularly till very often). In addition, several socio-demographic and health-related characteristics were assessed: age (70–75, 75–79 or ≥80 years), gender (male or female), living situation (alone or not alone), educational level based on completed education and completed professional courses during lifetime (low, middle or high) [19], perceived general health (good, fair or poor) [20] and falls in the past 6 months (never, once or more than once).
Statistical analyses
Differences in age and gender between responders and non-responders to the questionnaire were tested using Student's t-test for age and a Chi-square test for gender. Descriptive analyses were used to obtain insight into the characteristics and preferences of the participants. Prior to the logistic regression analyses answer options of the dependent variable ‘willingness to participate in a specific programme format’ were dichotomised into ‘yes’ (‘definitely yes’ and ‘maybe yes’) and ‘no’ (‘definitely no’ and ‘maybe no’). Univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify associations between the characteristics and programme format preference. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, in which all variables were included, were performed to test which of the characteristics were independently associated with preference for a programme format. These analyses were first performed in the total group of responders (n = 2,498) and next in the subgroup of responders who indicated their interest for at least one of the programme formats (n = 931). A 0.05 level of significance was used for all analyses. All data were analysed using SPSS 17.0.
Results
Of the 5,755 sent questionnaires, 2,997 were returned (response rate: 52.1%). Since 499 questionnaires were incomplete, 2,498 were included in the analyses. Non-responders and those excluded (total: n = 3,257) differed significantly from responders (n = 2,498) regarding age (mean age: 77.6, standard deviation (SD) = 5.7 versus mean age 77.0, SD = 5.3, respectively; P ≤ 0.001) and gender (60.7 versus 56.6% female, respectively; P = 0.02).
Table 1 (second column) shows the characteristics of the responders. In short, nearly 45% were male, nearly 40% were aged 70–74 years and more than 50% rated their general health as good. One or more falls were reported by less than 30% of the responders, slightly over 45% reported that they had concerns about falls sometimes till very often and almost 35% reported that they avoided activities sometimes till very often due to concerns about falls.
Table 1.
Population characteristics, preferences for formats of a programme for managing concerns about falls and univariate and multivariate associations (n = 2,498)
| Characteristics | Preference for intervention formatsa |
Associations |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | At least one | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Total population | 2,498 (100.0) | 1,567 (62.7) | 931 (37.3) | ||
| Demographic | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1,085 (43.4) | 686 (63.2) | 399 (36.8) | — | — |
| Female | 1,413 (56.6) | 881 (62.3) | 532 (37.7) | 1.04 (0.88–1.22) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) |
| Age | |||||
| 70–74 years | 981 (39.3) | 661 (67.4) | 320 (32.6) | — | — |
| 75–79 years | 784 (31.4) | 464 (59.2) | 320 (40.8) | 1.43 (1.17–1.73) | 1.26 (1.02–1.55) |
| ≥ 80 years | 733 (29.3) | 442 (60.3) | 291 (39.7) | 1.36 (1.11–1.66) | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) |
| Living situation | |||||
| Not alone | 1,481 (59.3) | 969 (65.4) | 512 (34.6) | — | — |
| Alone | 1,017 (40.7) | 598 (58.8) | 419 (41.2) | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) | 1.21 (1.00–1.46) |
| Educational level | |||||
| Low | 1,354 (54.2) | 947 (69.9) | 407 (30.1) | — | — |
| Middle | 765 (30.6) | 408 (53.3) | 357 (46.7) | 2.04 (1.70–2.45) | 2.39 (1.96–2.92) |
| High | 379 (15.2) | 212 (55.9) | 167 (44.1) | 1.83 (1.45–2.32) | 2.26 (1.75–2.91) |
| Health-related | |||||
| Perceived general health | |||||
| Good | 1,396 (55.9) | 925 (66.3) | 471 (33.7) | — | — |
| Fair | 987 (39.5) | 584 (59.2) | 403 (40.8) | 1.36 (1.15–1.60) | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) |
| Poor | 115 (4.6) | 58 (50.4) | 57 (49.6) | 1.93 (1.32–2.83) | 1.07 (0.69–1.65) |
| Fall-related | |||||
| Falls in the past 6 months | |||||
| Never | 1,808 (72.4) | 1,225 (67.8) | 583 (32.2) | — | — |
| Once | 408 (16.3) | 217 (53.2) | 191 (46.8) | 1.85 (1.49–2.30) | 1.38 (1.09–1.74) |
| More than once | 282 (11.3) | 125 (44.3) | 157 (55.7) | 2.64 (2.05–3.41) | 1.47 (1.10–1.97) |
| Concerns about falls | |||||
| (Almost) never | 1,346 (53.9) | 990 (73.6) | 356 (26.4) | — | — |
| Sometimes | 797 (31.9) | 432 (54.2) | 365 (45.8) | 2.35 (1.95–2.83) | 2.03 (1.63–2.54) |
| Regularly till very often | 355 (14.2) | 145 (40.8) | 210 (59.2) | 4.03 (3.16–5.14) | 3.11 (2.22–4.35) |
| Avoidance of activities | |||||
| (Almost) never | 1,648 (66.0) | 1,152 (69.9) | 496 (30.1) | — | — |
| Sometimes | 493 (19.7) | 249 (50.5) | 244 (49.5) | 2.28 (1.85–2.80) | 1.56 (1.22–2.00) |
| Regularly till very often | 355 (14.2) | 166 (46.5) | 191 (53.5) | 2.67 (2.12–3.37) | 1.46 (1.06–2.03) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; [—], reference group. Odds ratios with significant results are displayed in bold.
aThe dependent variable ‘willingness to participate in a programme for managing concerns about falls’ was dichotomised into preference for programme formats of ‘none’ and ‘at least 1′. ‘None’ implies that respondents answered ‘maybe no’ or ‘definitely no’ for all six formats; ‘at least one’ implies that respondents answered ‘definitely yes’ or ‘maybe yes’ for at least one of the six presented formats.
Table 1 also shows that the minority of the responders of the total group (37.3%) were interested in participating in one of the formats. Among the responders who actually reported concerns about falls, the interest to participate in at least one format increased to 45.8% (for those who reported having concerns about falls sometimes) and 59.2% (for those who reported having concerns about falls regularly till very often). There was an overlap in preferences, indicating that some people were willing to participate in multiple programme formats. Only 2.4% would participate in each of the presented formats (not tabulated). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age, status of living alone, higher educational level, poorer perceived general health, more falls in the past 6 months, higher levels of concerns about falls and avoidance of activities were all significantly related to the preference to participate in at least one format (Table 1). Men and women were equally interested in programme formats since no association was shown for gender. After controlling for the characteristics (multivariate analysis), the significant associations for higher age and perceived general health disappeared. The preferences of the responders regarding the six different formats for programmes for managing concerns about falls are illustrated in Table 2. People were most willing to participate in a programme that consists of only home visits, and were least willing to participate in an Internet programme, 21.5 and 9.4%, respectively. The preference rates for the other programme formats varied between 17 and 19%.
Table 2.
Preferences for formats of a programme for managing concerns about falls according to population characteristics (n = 2,498)
| Characteristics | More likely to participate in an intervention formata: |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in a group | at home | by telephone | at home and by telephone | via television | via Internet | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Total population | 429 (17.2) | 536 (21.5) | 441 (17.7) | 468 (18.7) | 438 (17.5) | 234 (9.4) |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 183 (16.9) | 236 (21.8) | 189 (17.4) | 208 (19.2) | 197 (18.2) | 147 (13.5) |
| Female | 246 (17.4) | 300 (21.2) | 252 (17.8) | 260 (18.4) | 241 (17.1) | 87 (6.2) |
| Age | ||||||
| 70–74 years | 161 (16.4) | 174 (17.7) | 158 (16.1) | 150 (15.3) | 161 (16.4) | 117 (11.9) |
| 75–79 years | 154 (19.6) | 176 (22.4) | 158 (20.2) | 164 (20.9) | 156 (19.9) | 80 (10.2) |
| ≥ 80 years | 114 (15.6) | 186 (25.4) | 125 (17.1) | 154 (21.0) | 121 (16.5) | 37 (5.0) |
| Living situation | ||||||
| Not alone | 230 (15.5) | 283 (19.1) | 243 (16.4) | 244 (16.5) | 248 (16.7) | 159 (10.7) |
| Alone | 199 (19.6) | 253 (24.9) | 198 (19.5) | 224 (22.0) | 190 (18.7) | 75 (7.4) |
| Educational level | ||||||
| Low | 173 (12.8) | 239 (17.7) | 183 (13.5) | 204 (15.1) | 176 (13.0) | 60 (4.4) |
| Middle | 182 (23.8) | 205 (26.8) | 165 (21.6) | 172 (22.5) | 171 (22.4) | 103 (13.5) |
| High | 74 (19.5) | 92 (24.3) | 93 (24.5) | 92 (24.3) | 91 (24.0) | 71 (18.7) |
| Health-related | ||||||
| Perceived general health | ||||||
| Good | 226 (16.1) | 258 (18.5) | 235 (16.8) | 223 (16.0) | 239 (17.1) | 149 (10.7) |
| Fair | 186 (18.8) | 236 (23.9) | 183 (18.5) | 210 (21.3) | 178 (18.0) | 77 (7.8) |
| Poor | 17 (14.8) | 42 (36.5) | 23 (20.0) | 35 (30.4) | 21 (18.3) | 8 (7.0) |
| Fall-related | ||||||
| Falls in the past 6 months | ||||||
| Never | 268 (14.8) | 315 (17.4) | 275 (15.2) | 271 (15.0) | 282 (15.6) | 161 (8.9) |
| Once | 87 (21.3) | 115 (28.2) | 95 (23.3) | 102 (25.0) | 92 (22.5) | 42 (10.3) |
| More than once | 74 (26.2) | 106 (37.6) | 71 (25.2) | 95 (33.7) | 64 (22.7) | 31 (11.0) |
| Concerns about falls | ||||||
| (Almost) never | 162 (12.0) | 170 (12.6) | 162 (12.0) | 153 (11.4) | 185 (13.7) | 123 (9.1) |
| Sometimes | 169 (21.2) | 219 (27.5) | 172 (21.6) | 187 (23.5) | 162 (20.3) | 75 (9.4) |
| Regularly till very often | 98 (27.6) | 147 (41.4) | 107 (30.1) | 128 (36.1) | 91 (25.6) | 36 (10.1) |
| Avoidance of activities | ||||||
| (Almost) never | 234 (14.2) | 254 (15.4) | 231 (14.0) | 223 (13.5) | 242 (14.7) | 150 (9.1) |
| Sometimes | 119 (24.1) | 152 (30.8) | 122 (24.7) | 131 (26.6) | 123 (24.9) | 53 (10.8) |
| Regularly till very often | 76 (21.3) | 130 (36.4) | 88 (17.7) | 114 (31.9) | 73 (20.4) | 31 (8.7) |
aThe dependent variable ‘willingness to participate in a programme for managing concerns about falls’ was dichotomised into ‘yes’ and ‘no’. More likely to participate implies that respondents answered ‘definitely yes’ or ‘maybe yes’ to the format compared with ‘definitely no’ or ‘maybe no’.
Table 3 illustrates the univariate associations between the preferences of responders who were willing to participate in at least one programme format (n = 931) and the demographic, health-related and fall-related characteristics. For example, people ≥80 years and those with poor perceived general health were less in favour of the group programme than the younger age groups and those with good perceived general health. In contrast, a programme with only home visits was preferred by the oldest people as well as the people with poor perceived general health. The same holds for those who reported multiple falls, concerns about falls and avoidance of activities. See Table 3 for all univariate associations.
Table 3.
Univariate associations of preferences regarding formats of a programme for managing concerns about falls with demographic, health-related and fall-related characteristics (n = 931)a
| Characteristics | n (%) | More likely to participate in an intervention formatb: |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in a group |
at home |
by telephone |
|||||
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 399 (42.9) | 183 (45.9) | — | 236 (59.1) | — | 189 (47.4) | — |
| Female | 532 (57.1) | 246 (46.2) | 1.02 (0.78–1.32) | 300 (56.4) | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 252 (47.4) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) |
| Age | |||||||
| 70–74 years | 320 (34.4) | 161 (50.3) | — | 174 (54.4) | — | 158 (49.4) | — |
| 75–79 years | 300 (34.4) | 154 (48.1) | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 176 (55.0) | 1.03 (0.75–1.40) | 158 (49.4) | 1.00 (0.73–1.36) |
| ≥ 80 years | 291 (31.3) | 114 (39.2) | 0.64 (0.46–0.88) | 186 (63.9) | 1.49 (1.07–2.06) | 125 (43.0) | 0.77 (0.56–1.06) |
| Living situation | |||||||
| Not alone | 512 (55.0) | 230 (44.9) | — | 283 (55.3) | — | 243 (47.5) | — |
| Alone | 419 (45.0) | 199 (47.5) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) | 253 (60.4) | 1.23 (0.95–1.60) | 198 (47.3) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) |
| Educational level | |||||||
| Low | 407 (43.7) | 173 (42.5) | — | 239 (58.7) | — | 183 (45.0) | — |
| Middle | 357 (38.3) | 182 (51.0) | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) | 205 (57.4) | 0.95 (0.71–1.26) | 165 (46.2) | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) |
| High | 167 (17.9) | 74 (44.3) | 1.08 (0.75–1.55) | 92 (55.1) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 93 (55.7) | 1.54 (1.07–2.21) |
| Health-related | |||||||
| Perceived general health | |||||||
| Good | 471 (50.6) | 226 (48.0) | — | 258 (54.8) | — | 235 (49.9) | — |
| Fair | 403 (43.3) | 186 (46.2) | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 236 (58.6) | 1.17 (0.89–1.53) | 183 (45.4) | 0.84 (0.64–1.09) |
| Poor | 57 (6.1) | 17 (29.8) | 0.46 (0.25–0.84) | 42 (73.7) | 2.31 (1.25–4.28) | 23 (40.4) | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) |
| Fall-related | |||||||
| Falls in the past 6 months | |||||||
| Never | 583 (62.6) | 268 (46.0) | – | 315 (54.0) | – | 275 (47.2) | – |
| Once | 191 (20.5) | 87 (54.5) | 0.98 (0.71–1.37) | 115 (60.2) | 1.29 (0.92–1.80) | 95 (47.4) | 1.11 (0.80–1.54) |
| More than once | 157 (16.9) | 74 (47.1) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 106 (67.5) | 1.77 (1.22–2.56) | 71 (45.2) | 0.93 (0.65–1.32) |
| Concerns about falls | |||||||
| (Almost) never | 356 (38.2) | 162 (45.5) | – | 170 (47.8) | – | 162 (45.5) | – |
| Sometimes | 365 (39.2) | 169 (46.3) | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) | 219 (60.0) | 1.64 (1.22–2.21) | 172 (47.1) | 1.07 (0.80–1.43) |
| Regularly till very often | 210 (22.6) | 98 (46.7) | 1.05 (0.74–1.48) | 147 (70.0) | 2.55 (1.78–3.66) | 107 (51.0) | 1.24 (0.88–1.75) |
| Avoidance of activities | |||||||
| (Almost) never | 496 (53.3) | 234 (47.2) | – | 254 (51.2) | – | 231 (46.6) | – |
| Sometimes | 244 (26.2) | 119 (48.8) | 1.07 (0.78–1.45) | 152 (62.3) | 1.57 (1.15–2.15) | 122 (50.0) | 1.15 (0.84–1.56) |
| Regularly till very often | 191 (20.5) | 76 (39.8) | 0.74 (0.53–1.04) | 130 (68.1) | 2.03 (1.43–2.89) | 88 (46.1) | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) |
| Characteristics | n (%) | More likely to participate in an intervention formatb: |
|||||
| at home and by telephone |
via television |
via Internet |
|||||
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 399 (42.9) | 208 (52.1) | — | 197 (49.4) | — | 147 (36.8) | — |
| Female | 532 (57.1) | 260 (48.9) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 241 (45.3) | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | 87 (16.4) | 0.34 (0.25–0.46) |
| Age | |||||||
| 70–74 years | 320 (34.4) | 150 (46.9) | — | 161 (50.3) | — | 117 (36.6) | — |
| 75–79 years | 300 (34.4) | 164 (51.3) | 1.19 (0.87–1.63) | 156 (48.8) | 0.94 (0.67–1.28) | 80 (25.0) | 0.58 (0.41–0.81) |
| ≥80 years | 291 (31.3) | 154 (52.9) | 1.27 (0.93–1.75) | 121 (41.6) | 0.70 (0.51–0.97) | 37 (12.7) | 0.25 (0.17–0.38) |
| Living situation | |||||||
| Not alone | 512 (55.0) | 244 (47.7) | — | 248 (48.4) | — | 159 (31.1) | — |
| Alone | 419 (45.0) | 224 (53.5) | 1.26 (0.97–1.63) | 190 (45.3) | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 75 (17.9) | 0.48 (0.35–0.66) |
| Educational level | |||||||
| Low | 407 (43.7) | 204 (50.1) | — | 176 (43.2) | — | 60 (14.7) | — |
| Middle | 357 (38.3) | 172 (48.2) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 171 (47.9) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) | 103 (28.9) | 2.35 (1.64–3.35) |
| High | 167 (17.9) | 92 (55.1) | 1.22 (0.85–1.75) | 91 (54.5) | 1.57 (1.09–2.26) | 71 (42.5) | 4.28 (2.84–6.45) |
| Health-related | |||||||
| Perceived general health | |||||||
| Good | 471 (50.6) | 223 (47.3) | — | 239 (50.7) | — | 149 (31.6) | — |
| Fair | 403 (43.3) | 210 (52.1) | 1.21 (0.93–1.58) | 178 (44.2) | 0.77 (0.59–1.00) | 77 (19.1) | 0.51 (0.37–0.70) |
| Poor | 57 (6.1) | 35 (50.3) | 1.77 (1.01–3.11) | 21 (36.8) | 0.57 (0.32–1.00) | 8 (14.0) | 0.35 (0.16–0.76) |
| Fall-related | |||||||
| Falls in the past 6 months | |||||||
| Never | 583 (62.6) | 271 (46.5) | — | 282 (48.4) | — | 161 (27.6) | — |
| Once | 191 (20.5) | 102 (53.4) | 1.32 (0.95–1.83) | 92 (48.2) | 0.99 (0.72–1.38) | 42 (22.0) | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) |
| More than once | 157 (16.9) | 95 (60.5) | 1.76 (1.23–2.53) | 64 (47.0) | 0.74 (0.51–1.05) | 31 (19.7) | 0.65 (0.42–0.99) |
| Concerns about falls | |||||||
| (Almost) never | 356 (38.2) | 153 (43.0) | — | 185 (52.0) | — | 123 (34.6) | — |
| Sometimes | 365 (39.2) | 187 (51.2) | 1.39 (1.04–1.87) | 162 (44.4) | 0.74 (0.55–0.99) | 75 (20.5) | 0.64 (0.35–0.69) |
| Regularly till very often | 210 (22.6) | 128 (61.0) | 2.07 (1.46–2.93) | 91 (43.3) | 0.71 (0.50–1.00) | 36 (17.1) | 0.39 (0.26–0.60) |
| Avoidance of activities | |||||||
| (Almost) never | 496 (53.3) | 223 (45.0) | — | 242 (48.8) | — | 150 (30.2) | — |
| Sometimes | 244 (26.2) | 131 (53.7) | 1.42 (1.04–1.93) | 123 (50.4) | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) | 53 (21.7) | 0.64 (0.45–0.92) |
| Regularly till very often | 191 (20.5) | 114 (59.7) | 1.81 (1.29–2.54) | 73 (38.2) | 0.65 (0.46–0.91) | 31 (16.2) | 0.45 (0.29–0.69) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; [—], reference group. Odds ratios with significant results are displayed in bold.
aOnly respondents who answered ‘definitely yes’ or ‘maybe yes’ for at least one of the six presented formats were included in these analyses.
bThe dependent variable ‘willingness to participate in a programme for managing concerns about falls’ was dichotomised into ‘yes’ and ‘no’. More likely to participate implies that respondents answered ‘definitely yes’ or ‘maybe yes’ to the format compared with ‘definitely no’ or ‘maybe no’.
Although many associations disappeared after controlling for the other characteristics in the multivariate analyses, several significant associations were observed (see Appendix, Supplementary data are available in Age and Ageing online). The oldest people and those with a poor perceived general health had significantly less preference for a group programme. The likelihood of participating in a programme with home visits only was associated with higher levels of concerns about falls; also, in comparison to men women did not prefer this format. The univariate associations for age and perceived general health disappeared. A programme by telephone was associated only with a high educational level. In comparison to the programme with home visits only, women were less willing to participate in a programme with a combination of home visits and telephone consultations; however, people with concerns about falls preferred this format. No associations were found between any of the characteristics and the television programme format. Being a woman, being older and having a low level of education were all associated with less preference for a programme via Internet.
Discussion
This cross-sectional study among community-dwelling older people showed that nearly 63% of respondents expressed no interest in participating in any of the six proposed programme formats for managing concerns about falls, despite considering the presence of these concerns in their lives. This percentage decreased to 41%, however, for those actually reporting (either regularly, often or very often) concerns about falls. The programme at home was preferred the most (about 22%) and the programme via Internet the least (about 9%). The preference rates for the other formats hardly varied, i.e. they ranged between 17% for the group-based programme and 19% for the programme with a combination of home visits and telephone consultations. The likelihood to participate in at least one programme format was independently associated with being 74–79 years of age, living alone, higher educational level, having more falls in the past 6 months, having higher levels of concerns about falls and avoidance of activities. For the subgroup of people who were willing to participate in at least one programme, higher levels of concerns about falls were independently associated with the preference for a programme that includes home visits. Furthermore, a higher educational level was related to the preference for a programme via Internet.
In the present study, the preference to participate in the different programme formats was generally lower than what Yardley et al. reported with respect to their fall prevention programmes (between 9 and 22% versus 40 and 60%, respectively) [18], but the pattern of a stronger preference for a programme at home compared with that in a group setting is similar in both studies.
Several background characteristics, such as gender and level of concerns about falls, of those who were willing to participate are associated with the preference for specific programme formats; therefore, it is likely that uptake can be increased by offering different programme formats according to these characteristics. The successful cognitive behavioural group programme ‘A Matter of Balance’ [14, 17], which addresses concerns about falls and activity avoidance could be made suitable for different formats [21]. In this perspective the oldest old or those with poor perceived health could be offered a home-based programme and the higher educated people could be offered a format via television or through the Internet. Future research is needed to confirm whether or not these programme formats are as effective as the above-mentioned group approach wherein also costs should be taken into account.
A few aspects in this study are noteworthy. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study that examined older people's preferences regarding programme formats regarding the management of concerns about falls. The question of being concerned about falling and also being willing to do something about these concerns, while indicating a preference for programme formats, was specifically designed for this study. Aside from face validity, no additional testing for psychometric properties had been performed. It may have been difficult for people who were not concerned about falling to nevertheless regard themselves as having concern for the subject; however, special interest was given to the preferences of the group that did have concerns about falls. Additionally, it is conceivable that not only preference for a particular format but also the preparedness or motivation to participate in a programme more generally was measured. In addition to this study, it would be interesting to ask why people do or do not want to participate in any of the proposed formats, for example, with focus group interviews [22, 23]. This may provide information as to in what kind of programme format older people with concerns about falls would be willing to participate, as perhaps they are only interested in written information that can be sent to them, or might prefer the programme to be led by someone else—a general practitioner or a psychologist. Not all preferences can be responded to in daily practice, however, due to a lack of proven effectiveness of the method or programme, or restrictions in resources like money or manpower, or both. Lastly, stating one's intention or willingness to participate in a programme format may not reflect actual participation in a programme, as can be seen by the high drop-out rates of such programmes [11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 24]. In particular, people who have high concerns about falls could experience substantial tension with regard to participating in any programme in which they will be confronted with their concerns. An appropriate recruitment strategy is therefore needed—for example, a face-to-face meeting or a telephone call with the facilitator, in which a potential participant obtains information about the programme and its relevant content [25, 26].
Strengths of this study were, however, its largely representative sample of the general population and its accurate comparison of preferences regarding the programme format. This was particularly relevant because the information provided about the programme (i.e. managing concerns about falls in eight sessions guided by a community nurse) was similar across the different formats. Moreover, our findings are important for practice, as uptake and adherence can be increased by offering older people a programme format depending on their characteristics or preferences.
We found that the majority of older people did not want to participate in any of the presented programme formats for managing concerns about falls, despite considering the presence of these concerns in their lives, as well as the motivation to do something about these concerns. Yet, it is promising that people who actually reported concerns about falls were substantially more willing to participate. Furthermore, several background characteristics were clearly associated with preferences for specific programme formats, thus providing opportunities for tailor-made interventions. We therefore recommend the development of different formats of effective programmes for managing concerns about falls. As a result, uptake and adherence of these programmes may improve as community-living older people can choose a programme that fits their preference.
Key points.
The majority of community-dwelling older people are not likely to participate in any of the presented programme formats to learn to manage concerns about falls, despite their concerns and their desire to do something about it.
A programme format with eight home visits focusing on managing concerns about falls is most popular compared with a programme format conducted in a group, via telephone, via a combination of home visits and telephone consultations, via television or via Internet.
Background characteristics, such as gender, perceived general health, level of education and concerns about falls are associated with preferences for specific programme formats; therefore acceptance for starting such a programme could be increased by offering tailor-made programmes according to these characteristics.
Conflicts of interest
Funding
This research was conducted as part of a randomised controlled trial that has been funded by ZonMw—The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (grant 120610001). Participation of one of the authors was supported by the Odysseus Grant ‘The Psychology of Pain and Disability Research Programme’ funded by the Research Foundation—Flanders, Belgium (FWO Vlaanderen).
Supplementary data
Supplementary data mentioned in the text is available to subscribers in Age and Ageing online.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the municipal registry offices of Maastricht, Heerlen and Sittard-Geleen and the Centre for Data and Information Management (MEMIC) for their assistance in this study.
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