Table 1.
First Author, Year | Sample | Country | Type of Study | Sample Size | Timeframe of Co-Occurring Use | Definition of Cannabis Use | Definition of Tobacco Use | Comparison Group(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abrantes, 2009 | 9th – 12th grade students | U.S. | Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey | 2033 | Lifetime | Any use | Daily use | T |
Agrawal, Madden, 2008 | Young adult female twins (aged 18-29) | U.S. | Longitudinal cohort survey | 3787 | Lifetime | Any use | Regular use: history of either 100+ cigarettes, or 2-99 cigarettes but smoking as frequently as once per week | T |
Agrawal, Pergadia, 2008 | Adults | U.S. | Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey | 1603 | Current | Any use in past 12 months | Any use in past 12 months | M |
Agrawal & Lynskey, 2009 | Adults | U.S. | Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey | 43093 | Lifetime | Any use | Smoked: >100 cigarettes or >50 cigars or pipe >50 times;Smokeless: snuff >20 times or chewing tobacco >20 times | M |
Agrawal, Lynskey, Madden, 2009 | Young adult female twins (aged 21-31) | U.S. | Longitudinal cohort survey | 3427 | Lifetime | Any use | Regular use: history of either 100+ cigarettes, or 2-99 cigarettes but smoking as frequently as once per week | C / Co-occurring CT during the lifespan but never simultaneously |
Bonn-Miller, 2010 | Adults | U.S. | Cross-sectional observational study | 250 | Current | Any use in past 30 days | Any use in past 30 days | C/T |
Caldeira, 2008 | First-year college students | U.S. | Cross-sectional cohort survey | 1253 | Current | Use ≥5 times in past year | Use ≥1 days in past month | C |
Coffey, 2003 | Adolescents followed into young adulthood | Australia | Longitudinal cohort survey | 2032 | Current | Use at least “a few times” in past 6 months | Use in past month | C |
de Dios, 2009 | Adolescents seeking treatment for substance abuse | U.S. | Community-based longitudinal study | 1779 | Current | Relapse between baseline and 12-month follow-up | Use at baseline or 12-month follow-up | Non-T or quit tobacco between baseline and 12-month follow-up |
Degenhardt, 2001 | Adults | Australia | Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey | 10641 | Current | Use >5 times in past 12 months | Use in past 12 months | C |
Degenhardt, 2010 | Adolescents followed into young adulthood | Australia | Longitudinal cohort survey | 1943 | Current | Use in past 6 months | Use in past month | T |
Ford, 2002 | Adults | U.S. | Longitudinal epidemiologic survey | 431 | Current | Use in 30 days pre-baseline | Use in 3 months pre-baseline and usual pattern of smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes/day | T |
Georgiades, 2007 | Adolescents followed into adulthood | Canada | Longitudinal cohort survey | 1282 | Current | Use in past 6 months | Daily use for continuous 30-day period in past 6 months | C/T |
Gourlay, 1994 | Adults seeking treatment for tobacco smoking | Australia | Tobacco treatment trial | 1481 | Current | Use in past month | ≥ 15 cigarettes/day for ≥ 3 years | T |
Gray, 2011 | Adolescents seeking treatment for attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder and substance use disorders | U.S. | Randomized controlled trial | 303 | Current | Regular use (i.e., > 14 of 28 days) | Regular use (i.e., > 14 of 28 days) | C |
Haskins, 2010 | Hispanic pregnant women | U.S. | Cross-sectional observational study | 351 | Current | Use in year prior to pregnancy | Use in year prior to pregnancy | T |
Heffner, 2008 | Adults and adolescents receiving inpatient treatment for bipolar I disorder | U.S. | Cross-sectional observational study | 134 | Lifetime | Regular use (≥3 times/ week for ≥1 month) | Use in past 30 days | C |
Humfleet, 1999 | Adults seeking treatment for tobacco smoking | U.S. | Tobacco treatment trial | 199 | Current | Use at baseline or during treatment | ≥10 cigarettes/day | T |
Metrik, in press | Adults seeking treatment for tobacco smoking who were also heavy alcohol drinkers | U.S. | Randomized controlled trial | 236 | Current | Use in past month | >10 cigarettes/day for past year | T |
Moore, 2001 | Adults seeking outpatient treatment for cannabis dependence | U.S. | Two cannabis treatment trials | 174 | Current | Met DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence | Any use | C who never smoked tobacco / C who were ex-tobacco smokers |
Patton, 2005 | Adolescents followed into young adulthood | Australia | Longitudinal cohort survey | 1943 | Current | Use at age 20 | Use but not nicotine dependent at age 20 | T |
Patton, 2006 | Adolescents followed into young adulthood | Australia | Longitudinal cohort survey | 1943 | Current | Cannabis dependence at age 24 | Daily use between ages 14 and 17 | C |
Ream, 2008 | Cannabis users who appeared to be 17-35 years old | U.S. | Cross-sectional observational study | 481 | Current | Past year use | Past year “blunt” use, cannabis “chasing” with tobacco, cigar use, cigarette use | C “alone” |
Stapleton, 2009 | Adults seeking tobacco treatment | United Kingdom | Randomized controlled trial | 100 | Current | Use in past 30 days | [Not described] | T |
Suris, 2007 | Adolescents | Switzerland | Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey | 5263 | Current | Use in previous 30 days | ≥ 1 cigarette/day | C |
Swift, 2008 | Adolescents followed into young adulthood | Australia | Longitudinal cohort survey | 1943 | Current | Use during adolescence | Use during adolescence | C |
Timberlake, 2007 | Adolescents followed into young adulthood | U.S. | Longitudinal cohort survey | 5963 | Lifetime |
|
Use in past 30 days | T |
Timberlake, 2009 | Adolescents and young adults (aged 12 – 25) | U.S. | Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey | 4348 | Current | Use in past month but never use of “blunts” | “Blunt” only use in past month | C who never used “blunts” |
Note. C = cannabis only users; T = tobacco only users. C/T indicates that two separate comparisons were made.