Advancements in cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) design have optimized the postoperative optical performance of the pseudophakic eye. One of the recent spotlights of IOL design has been formulating optical properties similar to a clear, young lens and addressing spherical aberration.
Spherical aberration in the human eye is a combination of the positive spherical aberration of the cornea,1–3 and the negative spherical aberration of the crystalline lens.4,5 In young eyes, the positive spherical aberration of the cornea is compensated by the negative spherical aberration of the lens; as a result, overall spherical aberration in the young eye is low.2,3,6 As the eye ages, the optical properties of the crystalline lens change,4,7 resulting in overall positive spherical aberration2,8,9 and decreased optical performance. Spherical aberrations generally reduce the contrast of the retinal image10,11 and affect visual performance, especially under mesopic conditions.12
Conventional spherical IOLs increase the positive spherical aberration in the eye following cataract extraction.13,14 In 2002, an aspheric IOL design was introduced to compensate for the positive spherical aberration of the cornea.15 Aspheric IOLs have been designed with an anterior prolate suface (Tecnis, Advanced Medical Optics), a posterior prolate surface (Acrysof IQ, Alcon Laboratories), or with both anterior and posterior prolate surfaces (Akreos AO, SofPort AO and L161 AO, Bausch & Lomb) and compensate for corneal spherical aberration to varying degrees.
In this issue of JOVR, a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted by Jafarinasab et al16 compares spherical aberration and contrast sensitivity among 3 different types of aspheric IOLs (Tecnis, Akreos AO, and Acrysof IQ) and one spherical IOL (Sensar). Significantly higher spherical aberration was reported with the spherical IOL and the zero-aberration aspheric IOL as compered to the negative aberration aspheric IOLs, however this advantage was pupil-size dependent. With increased pupil size from 4 to 6 mm, an increase in spherical aberration was observed for all four types of IOLs, however significantly more with the spherical IOL. Contrast sensitivity function under mesopic conditions and at low spatial frequencies (1.5 to 3 cpd) was significantly higher in the Tecnis group as compared to the others. At higher spatial frequencies (12 to 18 cpd), Acrysof IQ worked significantly better. The authors concluded that the performance of aspheric IOLs is pupil dependent and that their function deteriorates to some extent under mesopic conditions, as there was no significant difference between spherical and aspheric IOLs in mesopic contrast sensitivity at 6 cpd.
Although this study is a well-designed clinical trial with interesting results, the readers should keep in mind that the best way to compare two groups with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is using post hoc tests such as Bonferroni adjustment of type one error. This is one of the reasons for discrepancies in the results among different studies. Another explanation could be different measurement protocols.
There are several studies comparing different types of spherical and aspheric IOLs under various conditions and with varying protocols. The readers should be careful about applying the results and accepting them as general rules.
REFERENCES
- 1.Artal P, Berrio E, Guirao A, Piers P. Contribution of the cornea and internal surfaces to the change of ocular aberrations with age. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2002;19:137–143. doi: 10.1364/josaa.19.000137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Guirao A, Redondo M, Artal P. Optical aberrations of the human cornea as a function of age. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2000;17:1697–1702. doi: 10.1364/josaa.17.001697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Oshika T, Klyce SD, Applegate RA, Howland HC. Changes in corneal wavefront aberrations with aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:1351–1355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Glasser A, Campbell MC. Biometric, optical and physical changes in the isolated human crystalline lens with age in relation to presbyopia. Vision Res. 1999;39:1991–2015. doi: 10.1016/s0042-6989(98)00283-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Smith G, Cox MJ, Calver R, Garner LF. The spherical aberration of the crystalline lens of the human eye. Vision Res. 2001;41:235–243. doi: 10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00206-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.el-Hage SG, Berny F. Contribution of the crystalline lens to the spherical aberration of the eye. J Opt Soc Am. 1973;63:205–211. doi: 10.1364/josa.63.000205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Dubbelman M, Van der Heijde GL. The shape of the aging human lens: curvature, equivalent refractive index and the lens paradox. Vision Res. 2001;41:1867–1877. doi: 10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00057-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Amano S, Amano Y, Yamagami S, Miyai T, Miyata K, Samejima T, et al. Age-related changes in corneal and ocular higher-order wavefront aberrations. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:988–992. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.01.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.McLellan JS, Marcos S, Burns SA. Age-related changes in monochromatic wave aberrations of the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:1390–1395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Green DG, Campbell FW. Effect of focus on the visual response to a sinusoidally modulated spatial stimulus. J Opt Soc Am. 1965;55:1154–1157. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Jansonius NM, Kooijman AC. The effect of spherical and other aberrations upon the modulation transfer of the defocussed human eye. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1998;18:504–513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Oshika T, Tokunaga T, Samejima T, Miyata K, Kawana K, Kaji Y. Influence of pupil diameter on the relation between ocular higher-order aberration and contrast sensitivity after laser in situ keratomileusis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:1334–1338. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-1154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Taketani F, Yukawa E, Yoshii T, Sugie Y, Hara Y. Influence of intraocular lens optical design on high-order aberrations. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2005;31:969–972. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.10.064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Barbero S, Marcos S, Jiménez-Alfaro I. Optical aberrations of intraocular lenses measured in vivo and in vitro. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2003;20:1841–1851. doi: 10.1364/josaa.20.001841. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Holladay JT, Piers PA, Koranyi G, van der Mooren M, Norrby NE. A new intraocular lens design to reduce spherical aberration of pseudophakic eyes. J Refract Surg. 2002;18:683–691. doi: 10.3928/1081-597X-20021101-04. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Jafarinasab MR, Feizi S, Baghi AR, Ziaie H, Yaseri M. Aspheric versus Spherical Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2010;5:217–222. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]