The outcome of Jarcho–Levin syndrome treated with a functional latissimus dorsi flap – A series of three cases

Abstract

Introduction:

Jarcho-Levin syndrome is manifested by vertebral body and rib malformations. Large rib defects with paradoxical chest motion lead to early deathdue to progressive respiratory insufficiency, hence it is a lethal syndrome. The only means of improving survival is early stabilisation of the chest wall defect by containing the thoracic herniation. Nitcher et al. and Thatte et al. showed that reconstruction of the chest wall was life saving. Thatte et al. had postulated that early coverage of the lungs and thoracic contents with functional latissimus dorsi may prevent the visceral overgrowth and secondary pleural changes.

Materials and Methods:

Our three cases which had medium- and long-term follow-up help to support this postulation. Three patients were assessed retrospectively. Their ages at surgery were 6 months, 8 months and 1 year, respectively. All had laboured breathing and paradoxical respiration. All of them were operated with ipsilateral latissimus dorsi flap.

Results:

The results were evaluated clinically. The patients had reduced or no respiratory infections. The lung compliance improved and they had no tachypnoea on walking, running or playing.

Conclusion:

Hence, this can be used as a life-saving procedure for Jarcho-Levin syndrome on a long-term basis.

INTRODUCTION

Jarcho–Levin syndrome (JLS) is a rare developmental malformation of ribs and the vertebral column. Jarcho and Levin in 1938 had described this syndrome.[1] In 1978, Solomon et al. classified JLS as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD) and spondylothoracic dysostosis (STD), but the revised International Nomenclature of Constitutional Diseases of Bone recommended that only the term spondylocostal dysostosis be used for all patients with vertebral segmental defects and rib anomalies.[2] Mortier et al. divided JLS into three presentations: Jarcho–Levin itself for the autosomal recessive condition which is usually lethal, STD for the autosomal recessive condition with a less severe phenotype and SCD for the autosomal dominant or recessive condition with intrinsic rib anomalies, without severe thoracic impairment and usually with a better prognosis.[3] However, for all practical purposes, they are classified into SCD and STD. The patients with this syndrome usually have paradoxical respiration due to lung herniation, which causes respiratory distress.[4] This, along with repeated respiratory infections, unstable chest wall and severe restrictive lung disease are responsible for death within the first 2 years of life.[3]

Nichter in his case report showed that chest wall reconstruction was life saving for this syndrome with high mortality, but there was no long-term follow-up of the operated patient.[5] Thatte and Hosalkar used latissimus dorsi flap but had the same drawback,[6] i.e. they did not show long-term follow-up. In this paper, we describe three cases of JLS treated with functional latissimus dorsi flap, with a medium- to long-term follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only series in the literature of this rare syndrome treated with the functional latissimus dorsi flap and showing results of a long-term follow-up.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three patients were assessed retrospectively. We have named the patients as A, B and C. Their ages at presentation were A=6 months, B=8 months and C=1 year. All were males. A and C were an issue of nonconsanguineous marriage and B was born of consanguineous marriage. All had congenital left-sided chest wall defects and they had paradoxical respiration with laboured breathing. All were managed in the intensive care unit immediately after birth as they had breathing difficulties. All of them had repeated respiratory infections requiring hospitalisation at least three times in a month. All showed failure to thrive [Figures 1 and 2a, b].

Figure 1.

Clinical picture of patient A when he was a neonate, showing left. sided chest defect and chest radiograph showing rib defect

Figure 2.

(a) Patient C having left-sided chest defect; (b) chest radiograph of patient C showing rib defect on the left side

Preoperatively, all the patients were investigated with chest radiograms. All the three showed absence of ribs on the left side of the chest with a spinal deformity. Ultrasonographic examination showed all had lung and diaphragm herniation. Patient A had herniation of spleen. Presence of ipsilateral latissimus dorsi muscle was confirmed by clinical examination and ultrasonographic examination. Computer tomography was also done to quantify the chest defect [Figure 3].

Figure 3.

3D computed tomogram showing rib defect in patient B

All the patients were operated with ipsilateral functional latissimus dorsi flap.

Surgical technique

The operation was performed under thoracic epidural anaesthesia administered through an indwelling catheter in the epidural space and supplemented with nitrous oxide and halothane through mask; no paralysing agents were used. Lateral position was given where the side with chest defect was higher. A single oblique incision along the anterior border of latissimus dorsi muscle was used to expose the muscle and the chest defect [Figure 4]. Latissimus dorsi muscle was elevated along with its tendon and the neuromuscular bundle. The nerve was specifically preserved so that the muscle could act dynamically, hence it was called functional latissimus dorsi muscle transfer. The muscle was then swung over to cover the defect and secured with 3-0 Vicryl^® [Figure 5]. This allowed containment of the herniation. The skin and subcuticular layer was closed over a suction drain. Oral feeds were allowed 3–4 hours after surgery. The drain was removed after significant reduction in drainage, typically at 48–72 hours. The patients were discharged in an average of 1 week after drain removal following suture removal. No external splintage was necessary. Postoperatively, in all the patients, the defect was covered with a dynamic functioning muscle cover, paradoxical respiration disappeared, and there was no lung herniation. The respiratory dynamics improved immediately.

Figure 4.

Incision and exposure of latissimus dorsi muscle

Figure 5.

Latissimus dorsi muscle rotated and sutured

RESULTS

At present, the patients are 10 years, 6 years, and 1 year 5 months old. They were assessed at follow-up postoperatively every month for the first 6 months, then every 3 months for the next year and later on yearly.

All of them were assessed at every follow-up with complete examination to look for herniation, from the chest wall, frequency of respiratory infections, and tachypnoea during walking, climbing stairs and playing or running [Table 1].

Table 1.

Follow up of patients

The respiratory infections gradually decreased in patient A, who experienced four episodes in 8 months, then one episode twice a year and from 5 years of age has had no complaints till date. This patient was again intervened at 6 years for Sprengel's shoulder to improve the scapular position. Patient B also had a similar improvement with respiratory infections tapering down; he had initially five episodes yearly and single episode in last 2 years, with none at 6 years of his life. Patient C had a 5-month follow-up and he had experienced two episodes of respiratory infection since surgery [Figure 6].

Figure 6.

Patient C at 8 months showing healed scar

Tachypnoea also followed a downward trend in all. Children A and B can walk and play without experiencing tachypnoea that restricts their activity. Child C experiences mild tachypnoea after running. All patients during their last follow-ups had contained chest wall defects with no herniation.

DISCUSSION

JLS has a high mortality in children; hence, elective termination of pregnancy is considered an alternative. Prenatal diagnosis using ultrasonography can diagnose the anomaly and can help in elective termination of pregnancy in the second trimester.[7–9] Genetic counselling is also important as in the recessive form there would be 25% risk to the siblings of affected child. of. In the dominant form, eventhough the siblings would hardly be affected but the risk of affection rose to 50% for the child of a long term survivors[10,11] Historically, various nonsurgical and surgical methods were used in the treatment of JLS. Most of the aggressive recessive types had lethal outcomes.[3] Nonsurgical methods of bracing required repeated changes and were not able to restrict the lung herniation.[6] Herold et al. had postulated that surgical corrections might help in these patients.[12] Nichter et al. performed a staged reconstruction using a polypropylene mesh and reinforcing it with methyl methacrylate. Even though herniation of the lung was prevented and the patient could be weaned from the ventilator, they observed that the acrylic mesh acted as the tether which prevented the growth of the chest wall. Thus, there was a chance of developing severe restrictive disease in the near future, hence they removed the acrylic mesh.[5]

Thatte and Hosalkar showed that the functional vascularised ipsilateral latissimus dorsi flap prevented the lung herniation and paradoxical respiration. They observed in their case that the patient's respiratory dynamics improved immediately after the surgery. They also observed that the functional muscle adapted well with the chest dynamics.[6] Even though genetic studies were not done in our cases, the fact that all the patients had failure to thrive indicates that they might be recessive types.

Patient A in our series is the same patient reported by Thatte and Hosalkar. The other two patients have also been operated by the senior author. Patient A is now 10 years of age with no respiratory infections, no tachypnoea at play and no contracture of the chest wall. The muscle has adapted itself with the body growth and the chest dynamics, and in fact has grown with the child [Figure 7].

Figure 7.

Patient A's clinical picture of follow-up after 10 years

Thus, latissimus dorsi cover for JLS helps in survival of these patients. However, the scoliotic deformity of the spine is difficult to correct. This deformity may lead to restrictive lung disease and neurological problems if the deformity progresses. Vertically expanding titanium prosthesis might offer a benefit to these patients and help them achieve a straight spine with growth.[13] Child A is now under the care of the Spine Surgeons for this consideration. This would also help in improving the lung compliance. Hence, we recommend that patients with JLS with distress should initially be treated with a latissimus dorsi flap as a life-saving procedure and later on treated for scoliotic correction.