Abstract
Background:
The efficacy of Piper aduncum essential oil was evaluated against Periplaneta americana adults and nymphs in the laboratory.
Methods:
The plant essential oil at varying concentrations ranging between 10,000 to 80,000 ppm were placed inside glass beakers, rolled horizontally to ensure the essential oil covers all sides of the beakers and exposed to adults and nymphs of P. americana. Resigen (R) 1ppm was used as positive control and distilled water as negative control. The LT50 and LT90 was obtained using Log Probit programme.
Results:
Exposure of essential oil to females P. americana at concentrations between 10,000 to 80,000 ppm indicated the LT50 and LT90 values between 5.31 h–189.19 h and 14.90 h–2105.31 h, respectively. Treatment with the same concentrations against males P. americana ,the LT50 and LT90 were 2.08 h–181.73 h and 5.4 h–8460.51 h, respectively. Treatment against the nymphal stage with the same range of concentrations indicated the LT50 and LT 90 of 4.68 h–381.02 h and 28.71 h–5313.36 h, respectively.The nymphs and males were more susceptible than the females cockroaches. Treatment with Resigen (R) at 1ppm indicated much lower LT 50 and LT 90 values of 2.54 h–9.47 h for the females, 1.47 h–4.22 h for the males and 4.69 h–8.92 h for the nymphs.The negative control indicated no mortality for all stages of the cockroach.
Conclusion:
Piper aduncum essential oil can be used as an alternative natural product for controlling the cockroach Peripatetic americana.
Keywords: Piper aduncum essential oil, Periplaneta americana, Adults, Nymphs
Introduction
Periplaneta americana or also known as the American cockroach is an urban cockroach found in places such as homes and shops (Lee and Lee 2000). It is the mechanical vector to a few pathogens that can cause disease such as food poisoning, typhoid, pneumonia and asthma (Brown 1975). Cockroach also can cause destruction of belongings such as biting clothes and books. Besides that, cockroaches also secrete a mixture of xanturenic acid, kiturenic acid and 8-hydroxycuinalic acid, which are tryptophan derivatives that have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties (Mullins & Cochan 1973). Research using plant extracts for controlling cockroaches is quite limited. Recently, the essential oil of catrip (Nepeta cataria L.) was reported to have repellency against adult male B. germanica (L.). Thava et al. (2007) studied seven commercial essential oils for repellency against cockroaches and found Citrus hystix exhibited complete repellency against P. americana and B. germanica.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of Piper aduncum essential oil (extract) against adults and nymphal stages of Periplaneta americana (L.) in the laboratory.
Materials and Methods
The cockroaches were bred in the insectarium of the Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. The P. aduncum extract was obtained though the hydrodistillation method using the Clavenger apparatus. The method of testing use was the touch insecticide method recommended by the WHO (1975) to test susceptibility or resistance of the cockroach towards a certain insecticide. 70 cockroaches were fasted for 24 h. A serial dilution of P. aduncum extract with concentrations of 10000 ppm, 20000 ppm, 40000 ppm, 60000 ppm and 80000 ppm were prepared and 7 ml of each concentration was placed into separate 2000 ml beakers. The beakers were then rolled horizontally to ensure that the extract covered all the sides. The beakers were then left overnight to allow the extract to dry.
The positive control used in this study was Resigen® and the negative control used was distilled water. The inner area of the mouth of the beaker was covered with talcum powder mixed with 70% alcohol to prevent the cockroaches from escaping. Ten cockroaches were placed inside each beaker and observed at time intervals of 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 96 h for knockdown or mortality. This test was repeated six times. The LT50 and LT90 were obtained using the Log-probit programme (Raymond 1985). This method was conducted using adult male and female cockroaches as well as nymphs.
The percentage of average mortality was counted and compared between Piper aduncum essential oil, Resigen® and the distilled water as control using SPSS statistical analysis to determine the significant differences between the effectiveness of the plant extract and Resigen®.
Results
Female cockroaches indicated LT50 and LT90 values of 5.31–189.19h and 14.90–2105.31 h, male cockroaches showed LT50 and LT90 of 2.08–181.73 h and 28.71–5313.36 h and the nymphal stage with LT50 and LT90 of 4.68–381.02 h and 28.71–5313.36 h respectively (Tables 1–3). Resigen (R) indicated lower LT50 and LT90 values of 2.54 h and 9.47 h for the females, 1.47 h and 4.22 h for the males and 4.69 h and 8.92 h for the nymphs respectively. No mortality occured for the negative control (Tables 1–3). Comparing the effectiveness of P. aduncum essential oil with Resigen (R), there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) for the females P. americana between Resigen (R) at 1 ppm and P. aduncum essential oil of 10000 ppm at all time intervals; ppm at the interval of 1 h, 4 h, 8 h and 24 h and non-significant (P> 0.05) after 48 h; 40000 ppm at the interval of 4 h and non-significant (P> 0.05) after 8 h exposure respectively. Male cockroaches had the lowest LT50 and LT90 followed by the female cockroaches and then the nymphs.
Table 1.
LT50 and LT90 of P. americana females treated with Piper aduncum essential oil at various concentrations
| Piper aduncum concentrations (ppm) |
Female P. americana L
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| LT50 (H) (CI 95%) | LT90 (H) (CI 95%) | Slope± Standard Error | |
| 10 000 | 189.19 (118.92–444.60) | 2105.31 (755.60–16239.51) | 1.22 ± 0.21 |
| 20 000 | 24.50 (20.06–29.82) | 136.26 (100.68–203.71) | 1.72±0.15 |
| 40 000 | 8.01 (4.73–13.37) | 25.93 (12.02–61.04) | 2.51±0.47 |
| 60 000 | 6.83 (5.80– 8.00) | 17.65 (14.26–23.79) | 3.11±0.34 |
| 80 000 | 5.31 (4.44–6.28) | 14.90 (11.94–20.20) | 2.86±0.30 |
| Resigen® 1Ppm | 2.54 (1.99–3.13) | 9.47 (7.27–13.69) | 2.24±0.25 |
| Negative control | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Table 3.
LT50 and LT90 of P. americana nymphs treated with Piper aduncum essential oil at various concentrations
| Piper aduncum concentrations (ppm) |
P. americana L Nymphs
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| LT50 (h) (CI 95%) | LT90 (h) (CI 95%) | Slope±Standard Error | |
| 10 000 | 381.02 (188.21–1925.04) | 5313.36 (1252.66–172882.10) | 1.12±0.24 |
| 20 000 | 52.56 (42.40–68.98) | 360.66 (225.29–742.01) | 1.54±0.18 |
| 40 000 | 15.36 (9.56–68.97) | 59.50 (31.35–115.47) | 2.18±0.35 |
| 60 000 | 10.08 (8.25–12.13) | 42.54 (33.75–56.68) | 2.05±0.16 |
| 80 000 | 4.68 (3.58–5.91) | 28.71 (21.76–40.66) | 1.63±0.14 |
| Resigen® 1 Ppm | 4.69 (4.05–5.31) | 8.92 (7.54–11.81) | 4.60±0.73 |
| Negative control | 0 | 0 | 0 |
For the comparison of the effectiveness of the P. aduncum essential oil with Resigen® 1 ppm for females P.americana there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) at the concentration of 10 000 ppm at all time intervals, 20 000 ppm at the interval of 1 h, 4 h, 8 h and 24 h and non significant(P> 0.05) after 48 h exposure, 40 000 ppm at interval of 1 h, 4 h and 8 h and non significant(P> 0.05) after 24 h exposure, 60000 ppm at 1 h and 4 h and non significant (P> 0.05) after 8 h exposure, 80000 ppm at 1 h and 4 h and non significant(P> 0.05) after 8 h exposure respectively.
For the males P.americana there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between Resigen (R) 1 ppm and P. aduncum essential oil at 10000 ppm at all time intervals, 20000 ppm at time intervals between 1 h to 48 h and non significant(P> 0.05) after 72 h, 40000 ppm to 80000 ppm at 1 h and non significant (P> 0.05) at 4 h exposure.The nymphs indicated a significant difference between Resigen (R) 1 ppm and P.aduncum essential oil at 10000–20000 ppm at all time intervals, 40000 ppm at 1–8 h and non significant (P> 0.05) at 24 h exposure, 60000 ppm at 1–8 h and non significant (P> 0.05) at 24 h exposure. At 80000 ppm showed no significant difference(P> 0.05) between P. aduncum essential oil and Resigen (R) 1 PPm at all time intervals.
Discussion
Plant extracts have been used worlwide as an alternative method to control pests. Thavara et al. (2007) using Citrus hystrix DC exhibited complete repellency (100%) against Periplaneta americana (L.) and B. germanica (L.) and 87.5% repellency on Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stoll) in the laboratory. For field trial in Thailand, C.hystrix essential oil formulated as 20% active ingredient in ethanol and some additives provided satisfactory repellency of up to 80% reduction in cockroaches, mostly P.americana and N. rhombifolia with a residual effect lasting a week after treatment. Peterson et al. (2002) using essential oil of catrip (Nepeta cataria L.) isomers of nepetalactone tested the repellent activity to B.germanica. The isomer E, Z-Nepetalactone was the most effective and being significantly more active than DEET. Sanchez-Chopa et al. (2006) tested the Schinus molle var.areira (L.) essential oil against B. germanica in Argentina. The essential oil extracted from leaves and fruits tested using filter papers at 176. 70 and 35.35 mg/cm2 and compared with DEET. The leaf extract of S. mollevar. areira essential oil did not show repellency to B. germanica. However, the fruits extracted showed repellency to B. germanica and did not differ from DEET at higher doses.
Jung et al. (2007) evaluated in Korea the hexane fraction of extracts from seeds of Myristica fragrans against B. germanica (L.) and found that the (1S)-(-)-ß-pinene (o.o6mg/ cm2) was the most toxic insecticide and comparable to permethin (0.05 mg/cm2). Ngoh et al. (1999) studied the insecticidal activity and repellent properties of nine volatile constituents of essential oils against P.americana. Contact and fumigant toxicities to adult females and repellency to nymphs were determined. The decreasing order of knockdown activity via contact was methyl-eugenol> isosafrole= eugenol> safrole. The killing effect via contact was in the order eugenol= methyl-eugenol= isosafrole> safrole. Fumigant toxicity was only observed for safrole and isosafrole, with safrole being more potent. The decreasing order of repellency to nymphs was safrole> isosafrole> methyl-eugenol= α-pinene> eugenol> isoeugenol. According to Othman (2006), Piper aduncum major constituents include (E)-ß-osimena, transkariofilena, (z)-ß-osimena, ß-pinena, α-pinena, germakrena-D, piperitona, γ-terpinena and limonena. However each individual constituent had not been tested to P. americana.
The LT50 and LT90 for males were the lowest followed by nymphs and lastly females. Similar finding by Koehler et. al (1993) proves that male cockroaches have the highest susceptibility. This could be due to the differences in metabolic rate found in the adult male and female and the nymphs. The higher metabolism would lead to faster excretion of the toxic substance from the body (Koehler et. al 1993). It can be said that the effectiveness of the P. aduncum essential oil is equal with that of Resigen® only at very high concentrations.
The present study indicated that P. aduncum essential oil had toxic effect on both adult females and males and nymphs of P. americana but at high concentrations compared to Resigen®. Due to large availability of the plant in tropical countries in Southeast Asia, this could be an alternative for controlling cockroaches.
In conclusion, P. aduncum essential oil can be use as a pesticide against P. americana. The essential oil at higher concentrations had nearly the same effectiveness as Resigen® in killing the cockroach.
Table 2.
LT50 and LT90 of P. americana males treated with Piper aduncum essential oil at various concentrations
| Piper aduncum concentrations (ppm) |
Male P. americana L
|
||
|---|---|---|---|
| LT50 (H) (CI 95%) | LT90 (H) (CI 95%) | Slope±Standard Error | |
| 10 000 | 181.73 (100.21–506.34) | 8460.51 (2018.82–126526.80) | 0.77±0.12 |
| 20 000 | 8.91 (4.86–16.13) | 69.39 (29.55–170.17) | 1.44± 0.23 |
| 40 000 | 3.17 (0.80–12.58) | 10.83 (1.70–69.16) | 2.40±1.27 |
| 60 000 | 2.64 (2.22–3.07) | 5.02 (4.27–6.18) | 4.60±0.55 |
| 80 000 | 2.08 (1.72–2.48) | 5.14 (4.18–6.80) | 3.27±0.36 |
| Resigen® 1 ppm | 1.47 (1.15– 1.80) | 4.22 (3.33–5.91) | 2.80±0.36 |
| Negative control | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia for providing research facilities. We appreciate Bayer Environmental Science Malaysia for Providing Resigen (R). The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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