Cytotoxic Sesterterpenoids from a Sponge Hippospongia sp.

Abstract

One new pentacyclic sesterterpene, hippospongide A (1), and one new scalarane sesterterpenoid, hippospongide B (2), along with six previously reported known scalarane–type sesterterpenes (3–8), were isolated from a sponge Hippospongia sp. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and comparison of the NMR data with those of known analogues. These metabolites are the first pentacyclic sesterterpene and scalarane-type sesterterpenes to be reported from this genus. Compounds 3–5 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against DLD-1, HCT-116, T-47D and K562 cancer cell lines.

1. Introduction

In previous reports, scalarane sesterterpenoids have been identified from sponges and nudibranchs [1]. Research into the pharmacological properties of this class of natural products is of particular interest. In fact, many scalarane metabolites show a variety of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antifeedant, ichthyotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, platelet aggregation inhibition, RCE-protease inhibition and nerve growth factor synthesis-stimulating [1]. Our investigation of the chemical constituents of a sponge Hippospongia sp. (Figure 1) yielded one new pentacyclic sesterterpene, hippospongide A (1), and one new scalarane sesterterpenoid, hiposppongide B (2), along with six known sesterterpenoids, heteronemin (3) [2], heteronemin acetate (4) [3], hyrtiosin E (5) [4], 12-deacetoxyscalarin 19-acetate (6) [5], hyrtiosal (7) [6] and scalarafuran (8) [7]. The cytotoxicity of metabolites 1–8 against human colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1 and HCT-116), hormone-dependent breast cancer (T-47D) and human chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cell lines was evaluated.

Figure 1.

Sponge Hippospongia sp.

2. Results and Discussion

The EtOAc extract of the freeze-dried specimen was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography and the eluted fractions were further separated utilizing normal phase HPLC to yield metabolites 1–8 (Chart 1).

Chart 1.

Structures of metabolites 1–8.

The new metabolite hippospongide A (1) had a molecular formula of C₂₅H₃₆O₃ as determined by HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic data. The IR spectrum of 1 showed absorption bands at 3386 cm⁻¹, suggesting the presence of a hydroxy group. The ¹³C NMR data of 1 showed the presence of 25 carbons (Table 1): five methyls, seven sp³ methylenes, four sp³ methines (including one oxygenated carbon at δ 75.9), two sp² methines, and four sp³ quaternary carbons. The remaining three signals appearing in the downfield region of the spectrum are due to the quaternary carbons of two olefinic carbons (δ 122.9 and 159.0) and one ketone carbonyl (δ 196.8). From the ¹H NMR (Table 1) spectrum of 1, the ¹H NMR data revealed the presence of two olefinic methine protons (δ 7.33 Hz; d, J = 1.5 Hz; 6.76 Hz; d, J = 1.5 Hz). Furthermore, one oxygenated methine (δ 4.58, s) was also designated from the ¹H NMR signal. Careful analysis of the ¹H–¹H COSY correlations observed for 1 led to the establishment of five partial structures, as shown in Figure 2. The molecular framework of 1 was further established by a HMBC experiment (Figure 2). The five rings and their connectivities were elucidated on the basis of the following key HMBC correlations: both methyls H₃-19 and H₃-20 to C-3, C-4 and C-5, H₃-21 to C-7, C-8, C-9 and C-13, H₃-22 to C-1, C-5, C-9 and C-10, H₃-23 to C-11, C-12, C-13 and C-18, H-13 to C-15, H-14 to C-15 and C-16, H-18 to C-17 and C-16, and both olefinic methines H-24 and H-25 to C-16 and C-17. Thus, 1 was found to possess two double bonds at C-16/C-17 and C-24/C-25, one hydroxy group at C-18, and one ketone group at C-15. Linking all the above functional groups to the sesterterpene skeleton thus yielded the gross structure of 1.

The relative configuration of 1, elucidated mainly from the NOESY spectrum, was corroborated by MM2 force field calculations, which suggested the most stable conformation to be that shown in Figure 2. In the NOESY spectrum, H-9 showed NOEs with H-5 and H-13 but not with three methyls H₃-21, H₃-22 and H₃-23. Thus, assuming an α-orientation of H-5, both H-9 and H-13 must also be on the α face whilst the three methyls H₃-21, H₃-22 and H₃-23 must be located on the β face. Moreover, the NOE correlations of H₃-23 with H-18 indicated the β-orientation of H-18. On the basis of the above findings and other detailed NOE correlations (Figure 3), the relative structure of 1 was determined. After determining the structure of 1, we discovered that its molecular framework has been obtained as known sesterterpenoids salmahyrtisol A and similan A, which were isolated previously from sponges Hyrtios erecta [8] and Hyrtios gumminae [9], respectively.

Table 1.

¹H and ¹³C NMR data for 1 and 2.

Position	1		2
	δH (J in Hz) a	δC (mult.) b	δH (J in Hz) a	δC (mult.) b
1	1.46 m; 0.98 m	40.2 (CH2) c	1.65 m	39.9 (CH2)
2	1.65 m; 1.40 m	18.4 (CH2)	1.54 m; 1.38 m	18.2 (CH2)
3	1.38 m; 1.19 m	42.5 (CH2)	1.36 m; 1.12 m	42.0 (CH2)
4		33.1 (C)		33.3 (C)
5	0.92 m	57.6 (CH)	0.80 m	56.5 (CH)
6	1.57 m; 1.38 m	18.8 (CH2)	1.61 m; 1.42 m	18.6 (CH2)
7	1.68 m; 1.10 m	40.1 (CH2)	1.74 m; 0.90 m	41.7 (CH2)
8		44.8 (C)		37.3 (C)
9	1.45 m	61.0 (CH)	0.88 m	58.9 (CH)
10		36.8 (C)		37.5 (C)
11	1.99 d (6.0); 1.43 m	35.0 (CH2)	1.70 m; 1.45 m	27.5 (CH2)
12		43.0 (C)	3.40 br d (10.5)	80.5 (CH)
13	2.20 dd (13.0, 2.5)	47.5 (CH)		42.0 (C)
14	2.64 dd (13.5, 13.0)	39.6 (CH2)	0.80 m	58.1(CH)
	2.54 dd (13.5, 2.5)
15		196.8 (C)	1.78 m; 1.36 m	20.0 (CH2)
16		122.9 (C)	2.20 m; 1.22 m	25.6 (CH2)
17		159.0 (C)	2.22 m	39.2 (CH)
18	4.58 s	75.9 (CH)	1.86 m	55.3 (CH)
19	0.85 s	33.5 (CH3)	0.84 s	33.2 (CH3)
20	0.84 s	21.3 (CH3)	0.80 s	21.3 (CH3)
21	0.85 s	16.2 (CH3)	0.84 s	17.3 (CH3)
22	0.87 s	15.6 (CH3)	0.84 s	16.3 (CH3)
23	1.14 s	23.4 (CH3)	0.91 s	9.8 (CH3)
24	7.33 d (1.5)	142.3 (CH)		177.8 (C)
25	6.76 d (1.5)	110.9 (CH)	4.38 dd (9.5, 7.0)	70.0 (CH2)
			4.09 dd (11.0, 10.0)

^a 500 MHz in CDCl₃; ^b 125 MHz in CDCl₃; ^c Numbers of attached protons were deduced by DEPT experiments.

Figure 2.

Selected ¹H−¹H COSY (▬) and HMBC (→) correlations of 1 and 2.

Figure 3.

Computer-generated model of 1 using MM2 force field calculations and key NOE correlations.

Hippospongide B (2) was isolated as a white powder with the molecular formula C₂₅H₄₀O₃, which possesses six degrees of unsaturation, as indicated by HRESIMS (m/z 411.2878, [M + Na]⁺) and NMR spectroscopic data (Table 1). Moreover, it was found that the NMR data of the tricyclic skeleton (C-1 to C-14) of 2 were quite similar to those of 3 and 8, indicating the same substitution and stereochemistry at C-5, C-8, C-9, C-10, C-12, C-13 and C-14. Furthermore, analysis of the ¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC correlations established the remaining structure, including another two rings from C-13 to C-18 (Figure 2). Finally, the relative stereochemistries at C-17 and C-18 were resolved by careful interpretation of the NOE correlations (Figure 4). Key NOE correlations for 2 showed interactions between H-18 to H-12 and H-14. Thus, H-18 should be located on the α face. NOE correlations were also detected between H-17 and H₃-23, revealing the β-orientation of H-17, as suggested by a molecular model of 2. After structural determination of 2, we found that this compound had been obtained previously by hydrogenation of the natural product hydroxylactone IV [10]. In the original report, the authors gave a planar structure. However, our study led to the isolation of 2 for the first time from natural sources. In addition, we successfully elucidated the full structure of 2. Moreover, our work also provides full assignment for the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data of 2.

Figure 4.

Key NOE correlations of 2.

The cytotoxicities of compounds 1–8 against DLD-1, HCT-116, T-47D and K562 cancer cells are shown in Table 2. The results showed that compounds 3–5 were found to exhibit cytotoxicity against all or part of the above carcinoma cell lines, while compound 3 (IC₅₀ values 0.001, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.001 μM against the above carcinoma cell lines, respectively) was the most potent.

Table 2.

Cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ μM) of compounds 1–5.

Compound	Cell Lines
	DLD-1	HCT-116	T-47D	K562
1	– a	– a	– a	– a
2	– a	– a	– a	– a
3	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.001
4	2.4	2.7	0.3	0.05
5	1.1	8.0	0.7	0.7
6	– a	– a	– a	– a
7	– a	– a	– a	– a
8	– a	– a	– a	– a
Actinomycin D	1.9	0.2	0.6	0.03

^a IC₅₀ > 10 μM.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

Optical rotation values were measured with a Jasco P-1010 digital polarimeter. IR spectra were recorded on a Varian Digilab FTS 1000 Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer. The NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Unity INOVA 500 FT-NMR instrument at 500 MHz for ¹H NMR and 125 MHz for ¹³C NMR, respectively, in CDCl₃. ESIMS data were obtained with a Finnigan LCQ ion-trap mass spectrometer. HRESIMS data were recorded on a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer. Gravity column chromatography was performed on silica gel (230–400 mesh, Merck). TLC was carried out on pre-coated Kieselgel 60 F254 (0.2 mm, Merck) and spots were visualized by spraying with 10% H₂SO₄ solution followed by heating. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed using a system comprised of a Hitachi L-7100 pump and a Rheodyne 7725 injection port. A preparative normal phase column (250 × 21.2 mm, 5 μm) was used for HPLC.

3.2. Animal Material

The specimen of Hippospongia sp. was collected by scuba diving at a depth of 20 m from coral reefs off the coast of Tai-tung, Taiwan. Voucher specimen was deposited in the National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Taiwan (specimen No. 2011SP-1). This genus is often confused with Hyattella (Lendenfeld, 1888), whereas Hippospongia is more elastic and compressible with fewer primary fibers (Figure 5). Taxonomic identification was performed by Li-Lian Liu of the National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

Figure 5.

Skeleton architecture of the Hippospongia sp. Arrow: foreign broken spicules in primary spongins.

3.3. Extraction and Separation

The frozen bodies of Hippospongia sp. (1.2 kg fresh wt) were collected and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried material (170 g) was minced and extracted exhaustively with EtOAc (5 × 1 L). The EtOAc extract (15.3 g) was chromatographed over silica gel by column chromatography and eluted with EtOAc in n-hexane (0–100%, stepwise), then with acetone in EtOAc (50–100%, stepwise) to yield 13 fractions. Fraction 3 (125.7 mg), eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (10:1), was subjected to normal phase HPLC (n-hexane–EtOAc, 7:1) to afford four subfractions (A1–A4). Subfraction A4 (30.5 mg) was separated by normal phase HPLC using n-hexane–EtOAc (5:1) to afford 5 (5.9 mg, 0.039% dry wt. of extract) and 6 (2.1 mg, 0.014% dry wt. of extract). Fraction 4 (996 mg), eluting with n-hexane–EtOAc (8:1), was further purified by normal phase HPLC (n-hexane–EtOAc, 6:1) to afford five subfractions (B1–B5). Subfraction B1 (120 mg) was separated by normal phase HPLC using n-hexane–EtOAc (10:1) to afford 1 (1.7 mg, 0.011% dry wt. of extract), 7 (3.0 mg, 0.020% dry wt. of extract) and 8 (20.5 mg, 0.133% dry wt. of extract). Subfraction B2 (20 mg) was also purified by normal phase HPLC using n-hexane–EtOAc (7:1) to afford 4 (6.2 mg, 0.041% dry wt. of extract). Fraction 6 (10.5 g), eluting with n-hexane–EtOAc (3:1), was further separated by silica gel column chromatography with gradient elution (n-hexane–EtOAc, 3:1 to 1:1) to afford 3 (6 g, 39.2% dry wt. of extract). Fraction 8 (524 mg), eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (2:1), was further separated by normal phase HPLC (n-hexane–EtOAc, 2:1) to yield six subfractions (C1–C6). Subfraction C3 was separated by normal phase HPLC using n-hexane–EtOAc (3:1) to afford 2 (0.8 mg, 0.005% dry wt. of extract).

Hippospongide A (1): white powder; mp 272–274 °C; −66 (c 0.1, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3386, 2922, 2854, 1715, 1642, 1455 and 1385 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1; ESIMS m/z 407 (100, [M + Na]⁺); HRESIMS m/z 407.2560 (calcd for C₂₅H₃₆O₃Na, 407.2562).

Hippospongide B (2): white powder; mp 289–291 °C; −3 (c 0.05, CHCl₃); IR (neat) ν_max 3436, 2927, 1753, 1461 and 1383 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1; ESIMS m/z 411 (80, [M + Na]⁺); HRESIMS m/z 411.2878 (calcd for C₂₅H₄₀O₃Na, 411.2875).

Heteronmin (3): ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz) data: δ 171.3 (C, OAc), 170.1 (C, OAc), 135.3 (C, C-17), 114.4 (CH, C-24), 101.6 (CH, C-25), 80.5 (CH, C-12), 69.3 (CH, C-16), 64.1 (CH, C-18), 58.7 (CH, C-9), 56.5 (CH, C-5), 54.6 (CH, C-14), 42.7 (C, C-13), 42.0 (CH₂, C-3), 41.8 (CH₂, C-7), 39.9 (CH₂, C-1), 38.0 (C, C-10), 37.4 (C, C-8), 33.2 (CH₃, C-19), 33.2 (C, C-4), 28.0 (CH₂, C-15), 27.2 (CH₂, C-11), 21.3 (CH₃, OAc), 21.2 (CH₃, OAc), 21.0 (CH₃, C-20), 18.6 (CH₂, C-6), 18.1 (CH₂, C-2), 17.3 (CH₃, C-21), 16.3 (CH₃, C-22), 8.7 (CH₃, C-23). Selective ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) data: δ 6.76 (1H, s, H-25), 6.16 (1H, s, H-24), 5.35 (1H, m, H-16), 3.42 (1H, d, J = 11.6 Hz, H-12), 2.43 (1H, s, H-18), 0.91 (3H, s, H₃-21), 0.84 (6H, s, H₃-19 and H₃-22), 0.82 (3H, s, H-20).

Scalarafuran (8): ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz) data: δ 171.2 (C, OAc), 139.0 (CH, C-24), 137.3 (CH, C-25), 134.5 (C, C-18), 120.9 (C, C-17), 79.6 (CH, C-12), 68.1 (CH, C-16), 58.6 (CH, C-9), 56.6 (CH, C-5), 54.0 (CH, C-14), 42.0 (CH₂, C-3), 41.6 (CH₂, C-7), 40.1 (C, C-13), 39.8 (CH₂, C-1), 37.4 (C, C-10), 37.4 (C, C-8), 33.3 (CH₃, C-19), 33.2 (C, C-4), 27.8 (CH₂, C-11), 24.6 (CH₂, C-15), 21.3 (CH₃, OAc), 21.3 (CH₃, C-20), 18.8 (CH₃, C-23),18.6 (CH₂, C-6), 18.1 (CH₂, C-2), 17.4 (CH₃, C-21), 16.2 (CH₃, C-22), Selective ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) data: δ 7.53 (1H, d, J = 1.5 Hz, H-25), 7.26 (1H, s, H-24), 5.76 (1H, dd, J = 8.5, 8.0 Hz, H-16), 3.60 (1H, d, J = 10.5 Hz, H-12), 1.26 (3H, s, H₃-23), 0.91 (3H, s, H₃-21), 0.85 (3H, s, H₃-22), 0.84 (3H, s, H₃-19), 0.81 (3H, s, H₃-20).

3.4. Cytotoxicity Testing

Cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Cytotoxicity assays of compounds 1–8 were performed using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric method [11,12].

3.5. Molecular Mechanics Calculations

Implementation of the MM2 force filed in Chem3D Pro software [13] was used to calculate the molecular models.

4. Conclusions

Previous chemical investigations of sponges of the genus Hippospongia have led to the isolation and identification of various metabolites [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. Some of these have been found to possess several kinds of biological activities, such as isocitrate lyase (ICL) inhibitory [14], RCE protease inhibitory [15] and cytotoxic [16,17,18,19,20,21] activities. In the present study, two new sesterterpenoids, hippospongides A and B (1 and 2), together with six known scalarane sesterterpenoids were isolated from the sponge Hippospongia sp. Compounds 3–5 showed significant cytoxicities against DLD-1, HCT-116, T-47D and K562 cell lines. However, the new compounds 1 and 2 and the other known compounds had no significant activity. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that these compounds are the first pentacyclic sesterterpene and scalarane-type sesterterpenes to be reported from this genus. However, this genus is often confused with Hyattella and the sesterterpenoids are not likely to assist in chemical differentiation of the species.

Supplementary Files

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