Abstract
Transcription start sites were determined for the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) mRNA expressed by four vaccinia virus recombinants in which the upstream insertion of shotgun-isolated vaccinia genomic fragments of 156 to 379 bp promoted this expression. Two of these fragments were related in such a manner that 62 bp separated two divergent early transcription start sites. The region of imperfect dyad symmetry revealed in this fragment is proposed to result from the presence of two divergent early transcription signals of vaccinia virus. Subsequent comparison showed that domains with high sequence homologies to those depicted by the dyad symmetry existed at comparable locations in the sequences flanking both the HSV-TK mRNA start site of the other two recombinants and that of several early vaccinia genes. Maximum homologies among these conserved sequences was obtained when they were aligned discontinuously. These studies also revealed a late mRNA start site with no more than 10 bp of vaccinia sequences upstream.
Full text
PDF
















Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Bajszár G., Wittek R., Weir J. P., Moss B. Vaccinia virus thymidine kinase and neighboring genes: mRNAs and polypeptides of wild-type virus and putative nonsense mutants. J Virol. 1983 Jan;45(1):62–72. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.62-72.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bertholet C., Drillien R., Wittek R. One hundred base pairs of 5' flanking sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene are sufficient to temporally regulate late transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Apr;82(7):2096–2100. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.7.2096. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bertholet C., Stocco P., Van Meir E., Wittek R. Functional analysis of the 5' flanking sequence of a vaccinia virus late gene. EMBO J. 1986 Aug;5(8):1951–1957. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04449.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broyles S. S., Moss B. Homology between RNA polymerases of poxviruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes: nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of vaccinia virus genes encoding 147-kDa and 22-kDa subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 May;83(10):3141–3145. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.10.3141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cabirac G. F., Mulloy J. J., Strayer D. S., Sell S., Leibowitz J. L. Transcriptional mapping of early RNA from regions of the Shope fibroma and malignant rabbit fibroma virus genomes. Virology. 1986 Aug;153(1):53–69. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90007-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cochran M. A., Puckett C., Moss B. In vitro mutagenesis of the promoter region for a vaccinia virus gene: evidence for tandem early and late regulatory signals. J Virol. 1985 Apr;54(1):30–37. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.1.30-37.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Earl P. L., Jones E. V., Moss B. Homology between DNA polymerases of poxviruses, herpesviruses, and adenoviruses: nucleotide sequence of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(11):3659–3663. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.11.3659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gillard S., Spehner D., Drillien R., Kirn A. Localization and sequence of a vaccinia virus gene required for multiplication in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(15):5573–5577. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.15.5573. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glisin V., Crkvenjakov R., Byus C. Ribonucleic acid isolated by cesium chloride centrifugation. Biochemistry. 1974 Jun 4;13(12):2633–2637. doi: 10.1021/bi00709a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Golini F., Kates J. R. Transcriptional and translational analysis of a strongly expressed early region of the vaccinia virus genome. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):459–470. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.459-470.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graves B. J., Johnson P. F., McKnight S. L. Homologous recognition of a promoter domain common to the MSV LTR and the HSV tk gene. Cell. 1986 Feb 28;44(4):565–576. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90266-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hirt P., Hiller G., Wittek R. Localization and fine structure of a vaccinia virus gene encoding an envelope antigen. J Virol. 1986 Jun;58(3):757–764. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.3.757-764.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hänggi M., Bannwarth W., Stunnenberg H. G. Conserved TAAAT motif in vaccinia virus late promoters: overlapping TATA box and site of transcription initiation. EMBO J. 1986 May;5(5):1071–1076. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04324.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Isle H. B., Venkatesan S., Moss B. Cell-free translation of early and late mRNAs selected by hybridization to cloned DNA fragments derived from the left 14 million to 72 million daltons of the vaccinia virus genome. Virology. 1981 Jul 15;112(1):306–317. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90636-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones E. V., Moss B. Transcriptional mapping of the vaccinia virus DNA polymerase gene. J Virol. 1985 Jan;53(1):312–315. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.1.312-315.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kozak M. Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 25;12(2):857–872. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.2.857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mackett M., Smith G. L., Moss B. General method for production and selection of infectious vaccinia virus recombinants expressing foreign genes. J Virol. 1984 Mar;49(3):857–864. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.857-864.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mackett M., Smith G. L. Vaccinia virus expression vectors. J Gen Virol. 1986 Oct;67(Pt 10):2067–2082. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-10-2067. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mahr A., Roberts B. E. Arrangement of late RNAs transcribed from a 7.1-kilobase EcoRI vaccinia virus DNA fragment. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):510–520. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.510-520.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mahr A., Roberts B. E. Organization of six early transcripts synthesized from a vaccinia virus EcoRI DNA fragment. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):497–509. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.497-509.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560–564. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.2.560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morgan J. R., Cohen L. K., Roberts B. E. Identification of the DNA sequences encoding the large subunit of the mRNA-capping enzyme of vaccinia virus. J Virol. 1984 Oct;52(1):206–214. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.1.206-214.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Morgan J. R., Roberts B. E. Organization of RNA transcripts from a vaccinia virus early gene cluster. J Virol. 1984 Aug;51(2):283–297. doi: 10.1128/jvi.51.2.283-297.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Niles E. G., Condit R. C., Caro P., Davidson K., Matusick L., Seto J. Nucleotide sequence and genetic map of the 16-kb vaccinia virus HindIII D fragment. Virology. 1986 Aug;153(1):96–112. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90011-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Plucienniczak A., Schroeder E., Zettlmeissl G., Streeck R. E. Nucleotide sequence of a cluster of early and late genes in a conserved segment of the vaccinia virus genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Feb 11;13(3):985–998. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.3.985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rohrmann G., Moss B. Transcription of vaccinia virus early genes by a template-dependent soluble extract of purified virions. J Virol. 1985 Nov;56(2):349–355. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.2.349-355.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosel J. L., Earl P. L., Weir J. P., Moss B. Conserved TAAATG sequence at the transcriptional and translational initiation sites of vaccinia virus late genes deduced by structural and functional analysis of the HindIII H genome fragment. J Virol. 1986 Nov;60(2):436–449. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.436-449.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosel J., Moss B. Transcriptional and translational mapping and nucleotide sequence analysis of a vaccinia virus gene encoding the precursor of the major core polypeptide 4b. J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):830–838. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.830-838.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sollner-Webb B., Reeder R. H. The nucleotide sequence of the initiation and termination sites for ribosomal RNA transcription in X. laevis. Cell. 1979 Oct;18(2):485–499. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90066-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tartaglia J., Piccini A., Paoletti E. Vaccinia virus rifampicin-resistance locus specifies a late 63,000 Da gene product. Virology. 1986 Apr 15;150(1):45–54. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90264-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Upton C., McFadden G. Tumorigenic poxviruses: analysis of viral DNA sequences implicated in the tumorigenicity of Shope fibroma virus and malignant rabbit virus. Virology. 1986 Jul 30;152(2):308–321. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90134-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vassef A., Mars M., Dru A., Plucienniczak A., Streeck R. E., Beaud G. Isolation of cis-acting vaccinia virus DNA fragments promoting the expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase by recombinant viruses. J Virol. 1985 Jul;55(1):163–172. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.1.163-172.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Venkatesan S., Baroudy B. M., Moss B. Distinctive nucleotide sequences adjacent to multiple initiation and termination sites of an early vaccinia virus gene. Cell. 1981 Sep;25(3):805–813. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90188-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Venkatesan S., Gershowitz A., Moss B. Complete nucleotide sequences of two adjacent early vaccinia virus genes located within the inverted terminal repetition. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):637–646. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.637-646.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weinrich S. L., Hruby D. E. A tandemly-oriented late gene cluster within the vaccinia virus genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Apr 11;14(7):3003–3016. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.7.3003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weir J. P., Moss B. Nucleotide sequence of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene and the nature of spontaneous frameshift mutations. J Virol. 1983 May;46(2):530–537. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.2.530-537.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weir J. P., Moss B. Regulation of expression and nucleotide sequence of a late vaccinia virus gene. J Virol. 1984 Sep;51(3):662–669. doi: 10.1128/jvi.51.3.662-669.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wittek R., Hänggi M., Hiller G. Mapping of a gene coding for a major late structural polypeptide on the vaccinia virus genome. J Virol. 1984 Feb;49(2):371–378. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.2.371-378.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wittek R., Richner B., Hiller G. Mapping of the genes coding for the two major vaccinia virus core polypeptides. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jun 25;12(12):4835–4848. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.12.4835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yuen L., Moss B. Multiple 3' ends of mRNA encoding vaccinia virus growth factor occur within a series of repeated sequences downstream of T clusters. J Virol. 1986 Oct;60(1):320–323. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.320-323.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]