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. 2012 Jul 4;4(7):695–710. doi: 10.3390/nu4070695

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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

C57BL/6 Mice were fed alcohol (EtOH) for 6 weeks and were exposed to 12.5% HDE intranasally for 3 weeks (n = 5). Protein kinase activity was quantified from the tracheal epithelium removed from these mice. (A) PKCε activity in the tracheal epithelial cells of the alcohol + HDE group was statistically significantly lower as compared to the HDE only group (622.2/1255.5 pmol/mg/min) (^#p < 0.05); (B) PKCα activity in tracheal epithelial cells was unchanged in the epithelial cells unchanged in the treatment groups; (C) PKA activity in the tracheal epithelial cells of the alcohol + HDE treated mice was ~50% lower than the HDE only treated mice (261.1/544.6 pmol/mg/min) (^#p < 0.05).