Figure 2. Attenuation of mTORC1 activity by dietary intervention. Reduction of animal protein (leucine), hyperglycemic carbohydrates (glucose) and dairy proteins (insulin/IGF-1) mitigates mTORC1 signaling. Isotretinoin inhibits mTORC1 by upregulation of FoxO-Sestrin3, which stimulates AMPK. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) upregulates FoxO-Sestrin3-stimulated AMPK, thereby inhibiting mTORC1. Metformin inhibits mTORC1 activity by antagonizing leucine signaling and by stimulating AMPK activity. Plant-derived mTORC1 inhibitors directly downregulate mTORC1 (Abbreviations see text).