An in vitro evaluation of fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth with simulated flared root canals restored with different post and core systems

Abstract

Purpose:

The objective of this study is to evaluate the fracture strength and mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth with flared canals restored with two fiber reinforced systems (glass fiber and quartz fiber) and one base metal cast post and core system.

Materials and Methods:

Forty five anterior teeth were decoronated at cemento-enamel junction and were endodontically treated. Post space was prepared and randomly divided into three groups according to post system. Specimens were loaded at 45° in a universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. The mode of failure was classified as repairable or non-repairable.

Results:

Teeth restored with cast posts have fracture strength twice that of teeth restored with fiber posts. Fiber-reinforced posts failed at a certain compressive force but they were repairable unlike the non-repairable fracture seen with cast posts.

Conclusion:

The results of this study showed that, fracture strength and mode of failure in anterior teeth with flared canals varied according to the type of post used to support a crown.

INTRODUCTION

Restoration of the mutilated endodontically treated tooth is a subject that has been evaluated and discussed widely in dental literature.[1–4] The endodontically treated tooth is a unique subset of teeth requiring restoration due to the loss of the tooth structure, altered physical characteristics by the altered collagen cross linking, dehydration, altered esthetic characteristics of the residual tooth and the impaired neurosensory feedback mechanism. Esthetic, functional and structural rehabilitation of a pulpless tooth is critically important to ensure a successful restorative outcome.

Many options are available for the reconstruction of endodontically treated teeth varying from custom-made cast-metal posts to Pre fabricated metal and non-metal posts. Until 1980, the cast metal post and core was considered the standard option to rebuild an endodontically treated broken tooth; however, these conventional posts have biological and mechanical disadvantages, such as high modulus of elasticity, lack of retention and root fracture.[5–7]

The restoration of endodontically treated teeth with metal free, physiochemically homogenous materials that have physical properties similar to those of dentin has become a major objective in dentistry. Direct post and core restorations with pre-fabricated fiber-reinforced resin posts became popular because of their lower modulus of elasticity compared with metal posts, decreasing the risk for root fracture.[8] The selection of the most adequate post system for each case is influenced by the treatment plan to restore esthetics and function, remaining tooth structure, post design and mechanical properties.[9] Clinical decision is complicated when teeth are weakened and the root canals are compromised. This situation occurs with open apices, over-prepared teeth for previous post-retained restorations, caries, fracture or internal resorption. These flared root canals with thin dentin walls may require reinforcement and restoration using dentin bonding agents and composite, posts and cores.[5,10,11] Pre-fabricated posts associated with resin reinforcement of the root dentin walls have been used to increase fracture strength of flared canals.[10,11] According to some studies, fiber-reinforced posts were able to reduce root fracture possibility to minimum risk and displayed significantly higher survival rate.[12]

Thus, the present study is conducted to compare the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth with flared canals restored with two pre fabricated fiber-reinforced resin systems (one glass-fiber reinforced resin system and one quartz reinforced resin system) and one custom cast base metal (Ni-Cr) system. The null hypothesis was that the fracture strength and mode of failure of endodontically treated flared single-root teeth does not vary as a function of the post system.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty five freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors free of cracks, dilacerations, caries and fractures were selected for the study. All external debris was removed and the teeth were stored in saline solution at room temperature to prevent dehydration before and during experimental procedures. The anatomic crowns of all the teeth were sectioned horizontally to the long axis, at cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), to obtain a root length of 15mm. Teeth with mesio-distal width of 5-5.5 mm and bucco-lingual width of 7-8 mm were selected for standardization purpose using vernier-caliper.

The canals of all teeth were prepared chemomechanically by step-back technique. After endodontic instrumentation up to file size #40 using Hedstrom files (Mani Inc, Japan) and K-flexofile (Dentsply, PA, USA), they were rinsed with 3% sodium hypochlorite and 5% sodium thiosulfate was used to neutralize the irrigant. All canals were obturated with gutta-percha (Dentsply Maillefer, USA) and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Int. Ltd. Maillefer, USA). Canal entrances were sealed with glass ionomer cement and teeth were stored in physiological saline at 4°C. After 48 h, the gutta-percha was removed using a #2 Peeso reamer (Mani Inc, Japan) until a depth of 10 mm, leaving 5 mm of gutta-percha at the apex. For standardization, post space preparations were done using #2 Tenax post drills (#2, 1.3mm in diameter, Coltene Whaledent, USA) in all the roots. To simulate the flared root canal, the root canal entrances were enlarged with a diamond point (# 210038 ST, Swiss Tec), with a length of 5 mm and diameter of 2.0 mm at the center [Figure 1].

Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the prepared sample

The prepared roots were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=15 per group) based on the material used for manufacturing the post.

Group 1 - Cast metal post (Ni-Cr) as control.

Group 2 - Glass fiber post (Parapost, Coltene Whaledent, USA), 1 and 1.5 mm in diameter with passive taper.

Group 3 - Quartz fiber post (D.T. Light-post; Recherches Technique Dentaires, RTD, St. Egreve, France) with same dimension and shape used in Group 2.

In Group 1 specimens, cast posts were obtained by using burnout inlay wax. Final wax pattern had an intraradicular portion of 9 mm with a passive taper and core height of 6 mm. The core was shaped to simulate incisor preparation for the full crown. Then wax patterns were cast with Ni-Cr alloy. After finishing the core, 30 matrices of polyester were fabricated to reproduce core shape using the Adaptus system (Bego, Bremen, Germany) to be used for composite cores in Groups 2 and 3. In this way, all cast and composite cores were standardized to obtain similar dimensions.

All posts were cemented with Rely X luting cement (3M ESPE, MN, USA) using one bottle adhesive (Single Bond, 3M ESPE) according to manufacturer's instruction. Cement was placed on the post and seated under finger pressure. The loading pressure was released and the post was gently reseated and held in place until final setting of the cement. This ensured that, the intraradicular space not occupied by the post was filled with resin cement during post cementation.

In Groups 2 and 3, the fiber-reinforced posts were cut, leaving 6 mm above the root canal entrance to retain a composite core. The matrices that were fabricated to reproduce the coronal shape from Group 1 were filled with micro hybrid composite resin (3M) and used in Groups 2 and 3 to build up cores. Polymerization of resin was performed according to manufacturer's instructions.

The full crowns were fabricated with wax over one specimen to a shape of incisor and casted with a Ni-Cr metallic alloy (Wiron 99, Bego, Bremen Germany) maintaining a height of 8 mm and thickness of 3 mm. Polyester matrices were fabricated over this crown using Adaptus system to standardize the crown dimensions. All Ni-Cr crowns were cemented with zinc phosphate luting cement (Harvard Inc.). Root surfaces were marked 2 mm below the cement-enamel junction and covered with 0.6 mm thick foil. All specimens were embedded in acrylic resin poured into molds made of same material (30 mm height and 22 mm in diameter). The teeth were embedded along the long axis and placed in water bath during polymerization of the resin. After the first signs of polymerization, the teeth were removed from the resin blocks along the long axis and the spacers were removed from the root surfaces. Silicone-based impression material was injected into the acrylic resin blocks and the teeth were reinserted into resin cylinders. A standardized silicone layer that simulated periodontal ligament was thus created.

Each specimen was placed in a custom apparatus that allowed the specimens to be positioned at 45° to the long axis to closely approximate loading conditions applied in vivo. The specimens were subjected to loading at this orientation on palatal surface in a universal testing machine (Lloyd Instruments, 50 HK, USA). A crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min was applied until failure. The load was measured in Newton's (N). A failure was defined as fracture of the core material with displacement from the post head or fracture of the core or that of the tooth. The mode of failure was recorded and classified as repairable (displacement of crown, cervical fracture which would allow repair) and non-repairable (fracture of the root which is non-restorable).

The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the overall difference among the mean values of the test groups and the overall variability within test groups. Tukey multiple comparison test was used to determine which test groups were statistically different from the others. All testing was done with alpha equal to 0.5.

RESULTS

Mean fracture strength and mode of failure were calculated for all groups [Table 1]. The highest mean fracture strength (N) was recorded in Group 1(cast post and core) followed by Group 3 (Quartz-fiber) and Group 2 (Glass-fiber). There was a significant difference between the groups with regard to fracture strength as it was evident in the ANOVA analysis (P<0.0001).

Table 1.

Mean fracture strength and mode of failure of test groups

Post hoc test was done to identify the significant difference among the groups, the Tukey test showed that, the mean difference was significant at (Alpha=0.05) 5% level. There was a significant difference between Groups 1, 2, and 3. Groups 2 and 3 were not significantly different.

The failure in the form of repairable and non-repairable [Table 2] showed that only 13.34% was repairable and 86.66% was non-repairable fracture in Group 1 whereas fracture repairable was 100% in case of both Groups 1 and  2.

Table 2.

Mean and percentage of repairable fracture

DISCUSSION

In the present in vitro study, an attempt has been made to compare the fracture strength and mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth with flared root canals restored with conventional post core and fiber-reinforced resin post.

Attempts were made to simulate the periodontal ligament and tooth supporting structures; thus, roots were not embedded directly into the resin blocks. The thin layers of polyvinyl siloxane simulated periodontal ligaments and the acrylic resin simulated alveoli. The purpose of not embedding the roots directly into the acrylic resin blocks was to avoid rigid reinforcement of the root, which is not found in nature and which may alter the strength of the roots along with the patterns of failure. The simulation of periodontal ligament with polymer material has been used in previous studies to allow better distribution of stress from crown to root.[12,13]

From the data, it is observed that the fracture strength and mode of failure were different in anterior teeth with flared root canals restored with fiber reinforced systems and cast posts, thus rejecting null hypothesis. The fracture strength of teeth restored with cast posts was larger than those with glass or quartz fiber reinforced posts. This is in agreement with Fokkinga et al[14] who found that custom-cast post systems showed higher failure loads than prefabricated fiber posts. Glass and quartz fiber reinforced resin post groups showed approximately half the fracture strength of teeth restored with cast posts and cores.[15]

This lower fracture strength compared with the values of cast metal posts may be attributed to the displacement or fracture of the resin cement layer, composite core, or resin post during mechanical testing.

Material property of the post has been shown to affect the stress distribution. It is more favorable when two substances of equivalent or almost near modulus of elasticity approximate each other. Thus considering that the modulus of elasticity for dentin i.e. 20,000 MPa, the fiber post i.e. having 18,000-54,000 MPa would be considered a more favorable post in terms of stress distribution as compared to Ni-Cr base metal alloy (200 GPa). When stress is applied to the post system, a very rigid post (with high modulus of elasticity) will no longer follow the elastic deformation but will create localized stress peak inside the root, eventually leading to system failure (root fracture). Therefore, from the above study, it can be concluded that the fiber post has characteristics simulating natural dentinal structure than cast metal post and it acts as a shock-absorber, dissipating much stresses on the finished restoration with small fraction forces to dentinal walls and thus demonstrating restorable fractures. Results of the present study are consistent with Panna et al,[16] Sirimai[17] and Sidoli[18] demonstrating no root fractures for fiber post. However, the load at which failure was observed in cast post group is much higher than optimal occlusal load in anterior teeth. According to Anusavice et al, single-tooth bite force in healthy adult ranges from 350 to 450 N.[19]

Other studies have also revealed low levels of stress in teeth with resin posts to retrievable failures such as rupture of composite cores or teeth.[20] For the fiber-reinforced resin post groups, the empty space between the dentinal canal walls and the post was wider and filled with the resin cement in opposition to cast posts that were moulded to adjust the post shape to the canal walls. The thick resin cement layer for the former compared to metallic post would have acted as a stress breaker for the system under compressive loading. This effect was reported for root reinforcement with composite resin, which resulted in the transfer of low levels of stress to the cervical region of artificially simulated roots.[21]

This study tested teeth simulating the loss of root canal dentine at the cervical third, which may have contributed to reduced fracture strength of the experimental groups, in comparison with other studies that used cast and prefabricated posts in uni-radicular teeth. Studies tested several methods of reinforcement for flared root canals and also obtained higher values of fracture strength than values recorded in the present study.[22] In their study, bovine incisors were restored with Pre-fabricated metallic posts without crowns. As different materials and methods have been used to test the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth, direct comparison of results is not always possible.

As described by Assif et al,[23] complete crown coverage with a 2 mm ferrule on sound tooth structure changes the distribution of forces to the root and post and core complex. In this study, no ferrule was used because it is often hard to find axial cervical tooth structure in flared root canals to be used for an efficient ferrule effect.

This in vitro study has limitations as the tests were carried out in single rooted teeth, with specific dimensions and post preparation, under a static compressive loading applied at a single point and at a fixed angulation. Thus, dynamic or fatigue behavior cannot be inferred. The ultimate clinical decision making should also consider patient-related variables such as occlusion, masticatory force, level of alveolar bone attachment and para-functional habits, to maximize the long-term prognosis of endodontically treated teeth with flared canals. A further large-scale research in this field is required before anything can be deemed ultimate for the clinical use. Additional in vivo and in vitro studies are required for the long-term results.

CONCLUSION

Within the limitations of this study, fracture strength and mode of failure in single rooted teeth with flared roots varied according to the type of post used to support a full crown. The use of conventional post and core system should be avoided in structurally compromised tooth.

Teeth restored with cast posts had fracture strength twice that of teeth restored with glass or quartz fiber reinforced resin posts, but most fractures would not allow preservation of the teeth.

Teeth restored with fiber-reinforced resin post failed at a compressive force comparable to clinical conditions, although root fractures would be repairable.