Multiple multilayer stents for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm: a possible new tool for aortic endovascular surgery

Abstract

Purpose

Endovascular surgery data are confirming the paramount role of modern endovascular tools for a safe and sure exclusion of thoracoabdominal lesions.

Case report

A 57-year-old female presented with severe comorbidity affected by a 58 mm thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA). After patient-informed consent and local Ethical Committee and Italian Public Health Ministry authorization, three multilayer stents were implanted in the thoracoabdominal aortic tract, obtaining at a 20-month computed tomography scan follow up, a complete exclusion of the TAAA, with normal patency of visceral vessels.

Conclusion

Multilayer stents can be used in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm, with positive results.

Introduction

The first target of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for all aortic lesions is to seal the graft to safe aortic tissue. Endoleaks and endotension remain the primary limitation of endovascular aortic repair with endografts.¹ Midterm secondary intervention rate for endovascular aortic repairs, based on the largest and most recent datasets, is between 7% and 12% for both EVAR and thoracic EVAR, with most reinterventions being done for endoleaks.^1–3 Secondary intervention is mandatory when an endoleak has resulted in serious complications, including colonic ischemia and paraparesis.^4,5 Techniques such as chimney-stent (Ch-EVAR),⁶ graft fenestration (F-EVAR),⁷ or debranching⁸ help in shifting the endograft landing zone to a safer proximal position, but the complete endovascular approach is a significant risk factor for kidney injury, chronic renal failure, and bowel complications.^6–8

Case report

A 57-year-old obese female (body mass index 57.7), affected by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mild arterial hypertension, moderate renal failure (plasmatic creatinine 1.9 mg/dL, estimated glomerular filtration rate 58.8, calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula) with a complete occlusion of the right renal artery and a left renal artery severe stenosis (Figure 2) presented with a 58 mm thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) (Figures 1 and 3). The left iliac artery (Figure 3) was occluded, and the patient suffered from a left leg disabling intermittent claudication. The right common femoral artery had a diameter of 25 mm. Preoperative clinical and instrumental investigations were performed. Ankle brachial index was 0.90 on the right leg and 0.40 on the left leg. Carotid Doppler ultrasound showed a mild bilateral internal carotid stenosis, and dobutamine-echocardiography was negative for cardiac-induced ischemia. After patient-informed consent and hospital ethical committee and Italian Public Health Ministry authorization, an endograft procedure was performed using Cardiatis^® (Crossmed, Isnes, Belgium) multilayer stents in the aneurysmatic thoracoabdominal aorta. Stent graft sizing and deployment strategy was planned using tomographic aortography (CTA) images reconstructed on a three-dimensional workstation (Sovamed Gmbh, Koblenz, Germany). Proximal and distal neck diameter were 30 and 18 mm respectively. Stent oversizing was about 20% (proximal 36 mm; distal 22 mm). A multiple stenting (three grafts) with a 5 cm overlap, using telescopic deployment, was planned. The procedure was performed by vascular surgeons in an operating room equipped with a C-Arm brilliance intensifier-General Electric OEC9800 (GE Healthcare, USA). The patient underwent subarachnoid anesthesia. Left renal stenting was primarily executed using a 5 mm × 19 mm Herculink stent (Abbott Italia, Latina, Italy). Graft deployment started from the right common iliac artery using a 20-French introducer inserted into the aneurismal right femoral artery (RFA). Final angiograms showed normal patency of TAAA and visceral vessels (Figure 5). Finally, after removing the introducer, the RFA was replaced with a 10 mm Dacron graft (MAQUET GmbH and Co, Rastatt, Germany), and a right to left femoro-femoral bypass was performed (10 mm Dacron graft; MAQUET GmbH and Co). Postoperative course was uneventful and postoperative day 10 CTA showed normal patency of the visceral vessels. The patient was dismissed on postoperative day 12, with 75 mg of clopidogrel and 100 mg aspirin daily oral intake. After 20 months, CTA showed good patency of the visceral vessels with complete TAAA exclusion (Figures 5 and 6).

Figure 2.

Intraoperative angiogram: left renal artery stenosis.

Figure 1.

Computed tomography scan: left renal artery stenotic ostium in aneurismal aortic tract.

Figure 3.

Computed tomography scan: left common iliac artery occlusion and right iliac artery aneurysm.

Figure 5.

Computed tomography scan: treated thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.

Figure 6.

Computed tomography scan: treated thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and right to left femoro-femoral bypass.

Discussion

Treatment of pararenal and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms still represent a high risk surgical and endovascular procedure. When open surgery is considered, even in experienced centers, perioperative mortality rates range from 3% to 19%. New technologies have expanded the applicability of endovascular aneurysm treatment to cases with anatomical adverse conditions. But as the indications for mini-invasive techniques have improved, complications and technical failure rates began to rise.^1,8–10 Furthermore, the development of endograft technology and the evolution of branched and fenestrated grafts have necessitated the development of revised reporting standards for EVAR.¹¹ During the setting and tailoring of the treatment for this patient, the multiple preoperative morbidities indicated that an endovascular technique was the first advisable approach. The initial aim was to protect the left kidney and thereafter exclude the TAAA. Aneurysm anatomy and proximal aortic neck was unsuitable for standard abdominal aortic endograft. The debranching technique for the abdominal open surgery time was excluded. Considering the computed tomography (CT) scan, a normal aortic diameter with an eccentric posterior thrombotic apposition (Figure 1) was noted on the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). Even if it is reported graft, fixation on thrombus may cause type I endoleak and so we preferred to deploy the graft in a safe landing zone. The maximum number of vessels that can be safely chimney-stented has never been systematically studied and remains unknown, but two chimneys seems to be the number for a safe procedure.⁹ If Ch-EVAR was used for this patient, the CT, SMA, and left renal artery would have had to be chimney-stented, but the authors considered Ch-EVAR too dangerous for renal and visceral complications. Evaluating F-EVAR, we faced a 15% of secondary intervention rate within the first year. Reintervention was for endoleak in 48% of cases; in the remaining 52%, a significant amount was for mesenteric ischemia.¹² Recently, Manning et al¹³ alerted about the risk in using triple fenestration grafting. The authors underline that at present the procedure is technically more demanding and associated with increased risk compared with double or single fenestrations.¹³ We decided for multilayer stent aortic grafting, after previously obtaining good results in peripheral artery aneurysm treatment. The multilayer stents (Cardiatis CrossMed, Isnes, Belgium) provides a new approach to the treatment of TAAA. Three-dimensional structure stents are made up of several layers braided together, creating a configuration of multiple interlocked layers. Experimental assessment of multilayer stents confirmed the optimal flow modulation through the layers was reached, with a 65% mean porosity.^14,15 Secondary to this porosity level, when bridging an aneurysm or false dissection lumen, the stent laminates the blood flow by provoking a pressure drop. The flow velocity outside the multilayer stent is then reduced up to 90%, creating an organized thrombus while preserving the laminar flow in the collateral arteries. Chocron et al¹⁴ reported good outcomes with multilayer stents in a type B residual dissection, obtaining a complete exclusion of the false lumen and patency of the visceral vessels.

Conclusion

The authors’ clinical experience with multilayer stents has shown that they preserve the flow in the collateral arteries and exclude the aneurysm. The simplicity on releasing the devices and the absence of secondary procedures like Ch-EVAR or F-EVAR convinced the authors to perform this particular procedure for this patient. As a single experience, there are no “instructions for use,” but a multilayer-stent graft could be considered an effective and satisfactory element in the endophile surgeon’s toolbox.

Figure 4.

Intraoperative angiogram: good patency of CT, superior mesenteric artery, and left renal artery.

Abbreviation: CT, computed tomography.