Abstract
Folate-polymer-coated liposomes were developed for targeted chemotherapy using doxorubicin (DXR) as a model drug. Folate-poly(L-lysine) (F–PLL) conjugates with a folate modification degree of 16.7 mol% on epsilon amino groups of PLL were synthesized. DXR-loaded anionic liposomes were coated with F–PLL, and the cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomes was evaluated by flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB cells overexpressing folate receptors (FRs), and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells [FR (−)]. The existence of a polymer layer on the surface of F–PLL-coated liposomes was confirmed by zeta potential analysis. The KB cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR was increased compared with that of PLL-coated liposomes and was inhibited in the presence of free folic acid. Twofold higher cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR was observed compared with that of the PLL-coated liposomal DXR in KB cells, but not in A549 cells, suggesting the presence of FR-mediated endocytosis. These results indicated that folate-targeted liposomes were prepared successfully by coating the folate–polymer conjugate F–PLL. This novel preparation method of folate-targeted liposomes is expected to provide a powerful tool for the development of a folate-targeting drug nanodevice as coating with ligand–polymer conjugates can be applicable to many kinds of particles, as well as to lipid-based particles.
Keywords: cellular association, folate-targeting, liposome, poly-L-lysine, polymer coating, tumor targeting
The tumor-targeting abilities of anticancer drugs is important in chemotherapy as accuracy reduces serious side effects for patients, as anticancer drugs tend to distribute throughout the whole body and can cause cytotoxicity. In drug-delivery systems (DDSs), folic acid (FA) is used as a tumor-targeting ligand, which leads nanoparticles into cancer cells as a result of folate-receptor (FR)-mediated endocytosis, because FRs are overexpressed in many human cancer cells, while they show limited expression in normal cells.1–6 When folate is covalently linked to a molecule and a particle, its affinity for its cell surface receptor (Kd of approximately 10−9 M) remains essentially unaltered. Therefore, folate modification has been employed for various nanoparticles. In these cases, particles were formed by folate-conjugated polymers alone7–13 or preformed particles were conjugated to folate polymers.14 In particular, liposomes have been modified in many cases, including in previous reports by the present authors, using folate–polyethylene glycol (PEG)–lipid.15–19
Liposomes are widely used as drug carriers because they can entrap hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and can be easily surface-modified with folate–PEG–lipids. For the tumor targeting of folate–PEG-modified liposomes in vivo, proper PEGylation is also needed, because the initial (and overall) tumor accumulation is still based on passive extravasation.18 PEGylated liposomes exhibit a prolonged circulation in the blood20–22 and eventually accumulate into tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect.23–25 However, cellular association of PEGylated liposome was decreased because of the steric hindrance between the cell surface and PEG chains on the liposome.26 Furthermore, the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomena of PEGylated liposomes were reported following repeated injections of PEGylated liposomes.27,28 In these cases, it is known that the linker part of PEG–lipids may be recognized by an antibody.29,30 In order to resolve these problems, new techniques to prepare folate-targeted liposomes are required that do not involve the use of PEG–lipids.
Several investigations regarding polymer-coated liposomes have been carried out relating to intravenous administration. The major reasons for the inclusion of polymer coatings on the surface of liposomes are the prolonged circulation in the blood compared to when PEG–lipids are used, the sustained release of drugs from the liposomes, and the stabilization of the liposome structure.31–33 To the best of our knowledge, folate-targeted liposomes coated with folate– polymer conjugates have not been reported previously.
In the present study, we explored the potential use of a novel conjugate, folate–poly(L-lysine) (F–PLL), by coating anionic liposomes using ionic interactions as a tumor-targeting device for injection with doxorubicin (DXR) as a model drug. We characterized F–PLL-coated liposomes by measuring cellular association using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and the cytotoxicity of the liposomal drug in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB cells overexpressing FR [FR(+)] and FR-negative human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells [FR (−)]. The novel preparation method of a folate-targeted nanodevice was also investigated.
Methods
Materials
PLL (Mw = 30,000–70,000), sodium cholesteryl sulfate (Ch-SO4), and deuterium oxide (D2O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St Louis, MO). FA, cholesterol (Ch), triethylamine, and DXR hydrochloride were obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) was obtained from the NOF Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, liquid form) was purchased from Fluka Chemical Company (Buchs, Switzerland). Folate-deficient RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) were purchased from the Invitrogen Corporation (Carlsbad, CA). Spectra/Por CE membranes (MWCO 2000 Da) were purchased from Spectrum Laboratories Inc (Rancho Dominguez, CA). Other reagents used were of reagent grade.
Synthesis of the F–PLL conjugate
The scheme of F–PLL conjugate synthesis is illustrated in Figure 1. FA (86 mg, 195 μmol) was dissolved in 1.5 mL of water, and then 80 μL of liquid EDC (450 μmol) was added and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, as described in previous studies, with a minor modification.34 PLL (50 mg, 390 μmol) was dissolved in 1 mL of water, and then 60 μL of triethylamine (430 μmol) was added. The activated FA and PLL were mixed and stirred for 4 hours at room temperature. The resulting mixture was dialyzed against distilled water for 2 days in order to remove free FA. After dialysis, 200 μL of 1 N HCl was added to the solution in which the product was dissolved. The acidic suspension was centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 minutes in cold conditions. After centrifugation, the precipitate containing a urea derivative derived from EDC was removed. The supernatant containing the product was dialyzed against distilled water, again for 2 days, and then lyophilized for 24 hours at −80°C. When the mole proportion of the mixed FA against the epsilon amino groups of PLL was 50 mol% and 30 mol%, the products were named F–PLL and low F–PLL, respectively. Yields of the products were 96% for F–PLL and 62% for low F–PLL.
Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of F–PLL conjugate synthesis.
Abbreviations: EDC, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide; F-PLL, folatepoly(L-lysine).
1H NMR study
The covalent bonding between FA and PLL was ascertained using a VARIAN 400-MHz 1H NMR spectrometer (Varian Inc, Palo Alto, CA) with tetramethylsilane as the reference. The lyophilized product was dissolved directly in D2O. FA and PLL were also dissolved in D2O. The production of new bonds was evaluated by the chemical shift of 2H protons of lysine in the range of 3.17–2.88 ppm.
Evaluation of folate modification degree on PLL
The extent of folate modification against the amino group of PLL was examined by spectrophotometry. Lyophilized F–PLL conjugates were dissolved in water. The UV spectrum of the F–PLL solution was obtained using a Shimadzu UV-1700 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan). The content of FA and PLL in the F–PLL aqueous solution was determined using calibration curves at 363 nm and 215 nm, respectively. The absorbance of F–PLL at 363 nm (A363 F–PLL) was equal to that of FA (A363 FA) because the UV absorption of PLL was detected only below 240 nm; A363 F–PLL = A363 FA. We assumed that an additive property was held between the absorbance of FA (A215 FA) and PLL (A215 PLL) at 215 nm; A215 F–PLL = A215 FA + A215 PLL.
Preparation of liposomal DXR
The composition of anionic liposomes was HSPC/Ch/ Ch-SO4 = 5/4/1 (mol/mol/mol). Liposomes were prepared with a thin lipid-film method. Briefly, HSPC (40 mg, 51 μmol), Ch (15 mg, 39 μmol), and Ch-SO4 (5 mg, 10 μmol) were dissolved in chloroform. The solvent in the mixture was removed with the use of an evaporator to leave a thin lipid film. The lipid film was hydrated with 3 mL of citrate buffer (300 mM, adjusted to pH 4.0 with NaOH) at 60°C by vortex mixing and sonication. The liposomes were loaded with DXR via a pH gradient method (drug/lipid = 1:5 w/w).18 DXR-loading efficiency (>96%) was determined by separating unencapsulated drug from encapsulated drug using a Sephadex G-50 column (GE Healthcare UK Ltd, Buckinghamshire, UK). DXR concentration was analyzed using a fluorophotometer (Wallac 1420 ARVOsx multilabel counter; Perkin-Elmer Life Science, Waltham, MA) with excitation and emission wavelengths of 485 nm and 535 nm, respectively. The particle size and zeta-potential of the prepared liposome were measured in water at 25°C using a Photal ELS-Z2 zeta-potential and particle size analyzer (Otsuka Electronics Co, Ltd, Osaka, Japan). DiI-labeled liposomes were also prepared by the addition of 0.04 mol% DiI against total lipid moles when lipids were dissolved in chloroform for liposome preparation.
Preparation of F–PLL conjugate-coated liposomes labeled with DiI and liposomal DXR
A total of 500 μL of 6.66 mg total lipid/mL DiI-labeled liposome suspension or liposomal DXR suspension was placed in a test tube. The same volume of 1 mg/mL F–PLL or low F–PLL aqueous solution was added to the liposome suspension. The mixture was agitated by a vortex mixer and then was allowed to stand for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then, the suspensions were sonicated to reduce the size to about 120 nm. To determine the quantity of unattached F–PLL and low F–PLL, the supernatants were removed after centrifugation, and absorbance was measured at 290 nm. Approximately 10% of added F–PLL and low F–PLL remained in the removed supernatants of the centrifuged mixtures.
F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR was purified by centrifugation at 5000 × g for 2 minutes using centrifugal filter units, Amicon Ultra 100 K (Millipore Co, Billerica, MA), three times in cold conditions. Free DXR was removed completely by this filtration treatment. The DXR concentration of F–PLL and PLL-coated liposomal DXR was determined by measuring the absorbance at 480 nm (UV-1700 PhamaSpec; Shimadzu).
Cell culture
KB cells were obtained from the Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Tohoku University (Miyagi, Japan). A549 cells [FR (−)] were kindly provided by Onco- Therapy Science (Tokyo, Japan). The cells were cultured in folate-deficient RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS and 50 μg/mL kanamycin sulfate in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37°C.
Flow cytometry analysis
KB cells and A549 cells were prepared by seeding 3 × 105 cells/well in a 6-well plate (2 mL culture medium/well) 1 day before the assay. The cells were incubated with F–PLL- and low F–PLL-coated liposome labeled with DiI, and F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR as 20 μg DXR/mL for 1 hour or 3 hours at 37°C. In free-folate competition studies, 5 mM FA was added to the culture medium 2 hours before the assay. After incubation, cells were washed three times with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) to remove unbound liposomes, detached with 0.02% EDTA in PBS for KB cells and with 0.05% trypsin in PBS for A549 cells, and then suspended in PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin and 1 mM EDTA. The suspended cells were directly introduced to a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) equipped with a 488 nm argon ion laser. Data for 10,000 fluorescent events were obtained by recording forward scatter, side scatter, and 585/42 nm fluorescence. The autofluorescence of the cells incubated without F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR was taken as a control.
Confocal microscopy study
KB cells and A549 cells were prepared by seeding 3 × 105 cells/well on a 35 mm diameter glass dish 1 day before the assay. The sample preparation procedures were the same as those for flow cytometry. After a 3-hour incubation of the cells with F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR, the cells were washed twice with cold PBS (pH 7.4). Then, the cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde in PBS at 37°C for 15 minutes. The fixed cells were washed twice again with PBS in order to remove surplus formaldehyde. The washed samples were coated with Aqua Poly/Mount (Polyscience Inc, Warrington, PA) and then covered with a cover glass. Cells incubated with the F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR were observed with the use of a Carl Zeiss LSM 5 EXCITER confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging Co, Ltd, Göttingen, Germany). Maximum excitation was done with the 488-nm line of an argon laser and fluorescence emission was observed at >570 nm (using 560DCLP and E570LP filters).
Cytotoxicity study
Briefly, 1 × 104 cells were plated into 96-well culture plates 1 day before the experiment. KB cells and A549 cells were incubated with free or liposomal DXR containing 0.01 to 100 μg/mL DXR diluted in 100 μL FA-free medium for 2 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the cells were washed with cold PBS (pH 7.4) and cultured in fresh medium for a further 48 hours. Then, 10 μL WST-8 (Cell Counting Kit-8; Dojindo Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) stock solution (5 mM) was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. Cell viability was assessed by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm.
Statistical analysis
The statistical significance of the data was evaluated by Student’s t-test. P <0.05 was considered significant.
Results and discussion
Synthesis and characterization of F–PLL conjugates
Two different folate modifications in F–PLL conjugates were synthesized with carbodiimide coupling chemistry (Figure 1). The gamma carboxyl group of FA is mainly activated by carbodiimide and combined with an amino group of PLL.35 The prepared F–PLL conjugates containing the free alpha carboxyl group of the FA should be an effective pilot molecule for the accumulation of nanoparticles in KB cells caused by FR-mediated endocytosis, because only the alpha carboxyl group of the FA is recognized by FRs on KB cells.35
Conjugation with FA was confirmed by the 1H NMR spectrometer. Figure 2 shows the 1H NMR spectra of PLL, FA, and the F–PLL conjugate. The chemical shift of protons combined with the epsilon carbons of PLL appeared at approximately 3 ppm, whereas no chemical shift of FA was observed at around 3 ppm. In the NMR peak of F–PLL conjugates, the protons combined with the epsilon carbons of PLL were shifted downfield (2.9 ppm) and a new peak appeared at around 3.2 ppm. The new peak may be associated with amide bond production between the epsilon amino group of PLL and the gamma carboxyl group of FA.
Figure 2.
1H NMR spectra of (A) PLL, (B) FA, and (C) F–PLL.
Abbreviations: FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine); ppm, parts per million.
The extent of folate modification in F–PLL conjugates was determined by UV analysis (Supplementary Figure S1). The degrees of folate modification in F–PLL conjugates were calculated: the molar ratio of FA/NH2 in F–PLL and low F–PLL was 16.7 mol% and 9.5 mol%, respectively. About one-third of the added free FA was combined with PLL via the coupling reaction in the present experiment. The quantity of the unattached F–PLL conjugate against the anionic liposome was determined by photometry. About 10% of the added F–PLL remained in the solution without adsorption on to the liposome surface. Therefore, the mole percent of folate on liposome against total lipids was 6.9 mol% for F–PLL-coated liposomes and 4.5 mol% for low F–PLL-coated liposomes.
Physicochemical properties of F–PLLcoated liposomal DXR
The mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta-potential of F–PLL-coated and PLL-coated liposomal DXR are given in Table 1. The coated liposomes had an average particle size of 120 nm with a narrow size distribution (low PDI values). The liposomes may be coated with PLL and F–PLL because the PLL- and F–PLL-coating changed a negatively charged zeta-potential (−55.4 ± 5.7 mV) to a positively charged zetapotential for the coated liposomes (46.8 ± 1.3 mV and 34.1 ± 1.9 mV, respectively), without a large change in the particle size (115–119 nm). An electrostatic interaction between the sulfonate residue of Ch-SO4 in the liposomes and the free amino groups on PLL and F–PLL may occur.
Table 1.
Physicochemical properties of prepared liposomal DXR
| Liposome | Particle size (nm) | PDI | Zeta potential (mV) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomal DXRa | 115.3 ± 10.0 | 0.225 ± 0.014 | −55.4 ± 5.7 |
| F-PLL-coated liposomal DXRb | 117.4 ± 2.2 | 0.180 ± 0.015 | 34.1 ± 1.9 |
| PLL-coated liposomal DXRb | 119.7 ± 2.1 | 0.192 ± 0.009 | 46.8 ± 1.3 |
Notes: Each value represents the mean ± SD;
n = 4;
n = 3.
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine); PDI, polydispersity index.
Cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomes
First, the effect of the degree of folate modification of F–PLL conjugates on cellular association was examined. Figure 3 shows the results of cellular association of F–PLL-coated and low F–PLL-coated liposomes, corresponding with liposomes coated with F–PLL conjugates with a folate modification of 6.9 mol% and 4.5 mol%, respectively. The fluorescence intensity of F–PLL-coated DiI-labeled liposomes incubated with KB cells for 1 hour at 37°C was shifted toward the right, depending on the increase in the folate-modification degree on the liposomes. The mean fluorescence intensity of F–PLL-coated DiI-labeled liposomes was 1.5-fold higher than that of low F–PLL-coated liposomes, corresponding well with an approximately 1.5-fold higher level of folate modification of PLLs. As a consequence of this finding, higher folate-modified F–PLL-coated liposomes were used in the following experiments.
Figure 3.
Cellular association of F–PLL or low F–PLL-coated liposomes labeled with DiI in KB cells analyzed by flow cytometry after a 1-hour incubation.
Notes: The control indicates the autofluorescence of untreated cells. Each analysis was generated by counting 104 cells.
Abbreviations: DiI, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Next, in order to examine the mechanism of the cellular association, inhibition of the cellular association of PLL-coated and F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR due to the presence of FA in the medium was examined by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Flow cytometry results showed that KB [FR(+)] cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomes was higher than that of PLL-coated liposomes after a 3-hour incubation at 37°C (Figure 4A). This cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomes was suppressed significantly by the addition of 5 mM FA to the culture medium. In order to confirm the cellular uptake of F–PLL-coated liposomes via FRs, A549 cells [FR (−)] were used as a negative control. As shown in Figure 4B, A549 cellular association of PLL- and F–PLL-coated liposomes was quite low, as indicated by the mean fluorescence intensity of DXR. In order to investigate KB cellular adsorption of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR, their cellular association at 4°C was examined after a 3-hour incubation (Figure 4C). The cellular association of liposomal DXR was very low irrespective of the addition of 5 mM FA to the culture medium. Although KB cellular association of PLL-coated liposomes was lower than that of F–PLL-coated liposomes at 37°C, it was more than half of the cellular-association level of F–PLL-coated liposomes (Figure 4A). The effect may be caused by the nonselective adsorption of PLL-coated liposomal DXR onto the cell surface because PLL-coated liposomal DXR was positively charged (Table 1). These findings indicate that the mechanism of cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR in KB cells is FR-mediated endocytosis.
Figure 4.
Cellular association of PLL- or F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR in (A) KB cells and in (B) A549 cells incubated at 37°C, and in (C) KB cells incubated at 4°C for 3 hours with or without 5 mM FA analyzed by flow cytometry.
Note: Each value represents the mean ± SD (n = 3).
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Furthermore, in order to confirm the cellular uptake of the particles as shown in Figure 4, KB cells incubated with F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR for 3 hours were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In the absence of FA in the culture medium, the adsorption of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR on the cell surface was not observed, and most fluorescent particles were observed inside the nucleus, indicating cellular uptake (Figure 5A). In the presence of FA, few fluorescent particles were observed inside the cells, indicating the inhibition of cellular uptake by FA (Figure 5B). The cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR in A549 cells with or without FA was hardly observed (Supplementary Figure S2).
Figure 5.
Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of KB cells incubated with F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR for 3 hours at 37°C (A) without or (B) with 5 mM FA in culture medium.
Note: The scale bar represents 10 μm.
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR
To confirm the cellular uptake of the liposomes, the cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated and PLL-coated liposomal DXR was examined (Figure 6). Cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR (IC50 = 30.75 μM) in KB cells was approximately twofold higher than that of PLL-coated liposomal DXR (IC50 = 64.97 μM), as shown in Table 2. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR (IC50 = 104.31 μM) in A549 cells was low and similar to that of PLL-coated liposomal DXR (IC50 = 105.71 μM). These findings corresponded with the cellular-association data and confocal laser scanning microscopic observations, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, indicating that the cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomes into KB cells is via an FR-mediated pathway.
Figure 6.
Cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR or PLL-coated liposomal DXR against (A) KB cells and (B) A549 cells.
Notes: Cells were incubated with liposomes in folate-free medium for 2 hours, then in fresh medium without the drug for 48 hours at 37°C. Data indicate the mean ± SD (n = 6).
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Table 2.
IC50 of DXR solution, F–PLL- and PLL-coated liposomal DXR against KB cells or A549 cells at 48 hours
| Formulation | IC50 (μM) | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
||
| KB cells | A549 cells | |
| DXR solution | 1.20 | 2.17 |
| F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR | 30.75 | 104.31 |
| PLL-coated liposomal DXR | 64.97 | 105.71 |
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Comparison of cellular uptake of F–PLLcoated liposomes with folate–PEG modified particles
A combination of PEG linker length, folate-modification density, liposome surface charge, and liposome composition governs the receptor affinity of folate-targeted liposomes in vitro. Interestingly, in this study, although the folate-coated liposomes had no PEG linker and a highly positive charge, the cellular association of liposomes via FR was observed. With regard to the linker between the polymer and folate in liposomes modified with folate–PEG–lipid, Lee and Low15 demonstrated that the effective PEG chain length in folate–PEG-modified liposomes on FR-mediated endocytosis was at least 25 nm. We also reported that folate conjugated with a shorter PEG-length lipid with reduced folate exposure from liposomes to FRs,18 and folate–lipid (direct folate conjugate to lipid)-modified microemulsion showed a low level of association with KB cells, similar to nonfolate-modified microemulsions.36
With regard to the surface charge of liposomes, we reported that cellular association of folate–PEG-modified liposomes with −20.2 mV, was saturated after 2–3-hour incubations.18 In this study, F–PLL-coated liposomes with a positive charge were taken up progressively and were not saturated within a 3-hour incubation (data not shown). In folate-modified positively charged lipoplexes, inhibition of cellular uptake by FA was hardly observed.37 However, in this study, folate-modified, positively charged, polymer-coating particles exhibited inhibition of cellular uptake by FA. These findings suggested that F–PLL chains could cover the anionic liposomes loosely and partly protrude from the liposome surface because of fluctuations in the polymer chains.
Finally, cellular uptake of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR was compared with folate–PEG modified liposomal DXR using folate–PEG–lipid. We previously reported two kinds of folate–PEG (molecular weight 5000) modified liposomal DXR: DXR loaded into liposomes via the pH gradient method18 and the ionophore-mediated method.38 Cellular association of DXR of F–PLL-coated liposome with 6.9 mol% folate modification was similar with both folate–PEG modified liposomes with 0.03 or 0.25 mol% folate modification that was optimized, through flow cytometry analysis after incubation with KB cells for 1 hour at 37°C. Cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR (IC50 = 30.75 μM) was similar to folate–PEG modified liposomal DXR loaded by the ionophore-mediated method,38 but was approximately15- fold lower than that via the pH gradient method.18 It may be related to the release of DXR being different between the two loading methods in terms of the liposomes. From these findings, it is suggested that the release of DXR from F–PLL-coated liposomes may be low after cellular uptake through the coating of the F–PLL, although DXR was loaded into the F–PLL-coated liposome via the pH gradient method. In future, optimization of the folate conjugation of PLL and enhancement of the release of liposomal drugs such as pH-sensitive liposomes will be needed.
Conclusions
In this study, the first liposome-based, tumor-targeting nanodevice has been prepared using a ligand-conjugated, polymer-coating technique. The cellular association of the F–PLL-conjugate-coated liposomes was 1.5-fold higher, depending on an approximately 1.5-fold increase in folate modification. The KB cellular association of F–PLL-coated liposomes was increased compared with that of PLL-coated liposomes, which was inhibited by free FA. The cytotoxicity of F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR in KB cells was twofold higher than that of PLL-coated liposomal DXR, suggesting the presence of folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Consequently, the folate ligand led to the association of liposomes with KB cells. Thus, F–PLL-coated liposomes are expected to constitute a new tumor-targeting nanodevice. This novel preparation method of folate-targeted liposomes is expected to form a powerful tool to develop folate-targeting drug nanodevices because coating with ligand–polymer conjugates may be applicable to many kinds of particles in addition to lipid-based particles.
Supplementary figures
UV spectra of F–PLL, FA, and PLL solutions.
Abbreviations: FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of A549 cells incubated with F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR for 3 hours at 37°C (A) without or (B) with 5 mM FA in culture medium.
Note: The scale bar represents 10 μm.
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Drs Masayuki Yokoyama and Kouichi Shiraishi of The Jikei University for advice on chemical synthesis and NMR measurements. This work was supported in part by the Science Research Promotion Fund by the Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
UV spectra of F–PLL, FA, and PLL solutions.
Abbreviations: FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).
Confocal laser scanning microscopy image of A549 cells incubated with F–PLL-coated liposomal DXR for 3 hours at 37°C (A) without or (B) with 5 mM FA in culture medium.
Note: The scale bar represents 10 μm.
Abbreviations: DXR, doxorubicin; FA, folic acid; F-PLL, folate-poly(L-lysine).