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Effects of hydrocodone and morphine on pERK and pCREB levels. Twenty minutes after hydrocodone (5mg/kg) or morphine (5mg/kg) administration, pERK and pCREB levels were significantly reduced in the NAc. *Denotes a significant difference in densitometric units between saline and hydrocodone or morphine, n=4–6 rats per group for pERK, n=5–7 rats per group for pCREB data.
