Table 1.
Means (SD) for demographic and clinical variables, DSM-IV criteria, medication status, and sample sizes for each paradigm.
| Paradigm | Recognition Memory (RM) | Working Memory (WM) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group a | AH (n = 19) | NH (n = 32) | HC (n = 44) | AH (n = 21) | NH (n = 47) | HC (n = 44) | ||||||
| Gender (male/female) | 10/9 | 18/14 | 18/26 | 12/9 | 26/21 | 19/25 | ||||||
| Age (years) | 29.8 | (10.2) | 28.6 | (8.0) | 26.2 | (6.2) | 30.6 | (11.0) | 28.8 | (8.0) | 26.4 | (6.6) |
| Education (years) b | 14.2 | (2.6) | 14.3 | (2.4) | 16.3 | (2.1) | 13.6 | (2.8) | 13.8 | (2.6) | 16.3 | (2.1) |
| Handedness (LQ) c | 72.8 | (27.7) | 75.0 | (20.2) | 75.3 | (20.0) | 74.5 | (28.3) | 78.2 | (19.4) | 74.7 | (19.9) |
| Verbal IQ (WAIS) d | 102.7 | (16.0) | 102.9 | (14.9) | 102.9 | (18.0) | 98.0 | (15.4) | ||||
| Onset age (years) | 22.4 | (6.6) | 20.8 | (5.1) | 22.8 | (6.1) | 21.1 | (6.0) | ||||
| Illness duration (years) | 7.5 | (7.6) | 7.8 | (9.0) | 7.9 | (9.0) | 7.7 | (8.4) | ||||
| Total BPRS e | 45.7 | (15.3) | 31.1 | (10.3) | 47.7 | (15.5) | 32.7 | (9.8) | ||||
| PANSS general e | 37.6 | (13.4) | 27.1 | (8.7) | 39.4 | (13.7) | 28.4 | (7.8) | ||||
| PANSS positive e | 19.4 | (7.3) | 12.4 | (5.3) | 20.4 | (7.2) | 12.8 | (5.4) | ||||
| PANSS negative e | 17.1 | (6.6) | 12.5 | (5.4) | 18.2 | (7.4) | 14.1 | (5.7) | ||||
| Schizophrenia, paranoid | 6 | 12 | 8 | 14 | ||||||||
| Schizophrenia, undifferentiated | 4 | 10 | 6 | 16 | ||||||||
| Schizophrenia, catatonic | 1 | |||||||||||
| Schizophrenia, residual | 1 | |||||||||||
| Schizoaffective, depressed | 3 | 5 | 2 | 7 | ||||||||
| Schizoaffective, bipolar | 5 | 2 | 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| Psychosis NOS | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | ||||||||
| Unmedicated (> 14 days) | 9 | 11 | 11 | 18 | ||||||||
| Medicated (atypical antipsychotics) | 10 | 21 | 10 | 29 | ||||||||
Note.
AH: Auditory hallucinators; NH: Nonhallucinators; HC: Healthy controls. Group overlap across paradigms: AH, n = 14; NH, n = 30; HC, n = 42.
RM, WM: AH, NH differ significantly from HC (all p ≤ .002).
LQ: Laterality quotient (Oldfield, 1971) can vary between −100.0 (completely left-handed) and +100.0 (completely right-handed).
RM: AH, n = 11; NH, n = 22; WM: AH, n = 14; NH, n = 29.
RM: AH differ significantly from NH (total BPRS, PANSS general, PANSS positive, all p ≤ .001; PANSS negative, p = .01); WM: AH (n = 18) differ significantly from NH (n = 45; total BPRS, PANSS general, PANSS positive, all p ≤ .001; PANSS negative, p = .03).