Abstract
Claudin-7 is a tight junction protein that plays an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis. We examined the clinical significance of claudin-7 expression in 75 postsurgical non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Claudin-7 expression was measured immunohistochemically and was found to be high in 25 patients (33.3%) and low in 50 (66.7%). Survival was significantly poorer in patients with claudin-7-low than in those with claudin-7-high NSCLCs (P=0.024). In particular, survival was significantly poorer in patients with claudin-7-low than in those with claudin-7-high squamous cell carcinomas (P=0.011). A reduced expression of claudin-7 was associated with poor outcome in NSCLCs. Claudin-7 may thus be a useful biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in patients with NSCLC.
Keywords: claudin-7, prognostic factor, non-small cell lung cancer
Introduction
Primary lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Japan and in Western countries, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 80% of primary lung cancers (1,2). Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment in patients with early disease. However, 5-year survival after surgical resection remains unsatisfactory, ranging from 73% in stage IA disease to 25% in stage IIIA disease. Improvement in the poor survival of patients with NSCLC requires better clinical predictors of outcomes and of response to specific therapeutic interventions.
Cell-to-cell adhesion is generally reduced in various human cancer types. The dissociation of cancer nests is a crucial step in metastasis. The suppression of cell-to-cell adhesion may trigger the release of cancer cells from primary cancer nests, increasing tumor invasion (3). Tight junctions are cell-cell junctions located at the apical end of the lateral membrane surface of epithelial or endothelial cells. Tight junctions consist of membrane and peripheral proteins. Occludin and claudins are membrane proteins, and zonula occludens (ZO)-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3 are peripheral proteins. Claudin-7 is a member of the 24-claudin multigene family, associated with cancer. Loss of claudin-7 expression has been confirmed in ductal carcinoma of the breast and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (4,5). Usami et al reported that a reduced claudin-7 expression correlates with tumor invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (6). Whether the expression of claudin-7 is associated with the malignant potential of NSCLC remains to be clarified. The present study evaluated the clinical significance of claudin-7, especially its relation to outcome, in resected NSCLC.
Materials and methods
We retrospectively reviewed a total of 76 consecutive patients with pathological (p)-stage I to III NSCLC. The patients underwent complete tumor resection and nodal dissection without any pre-operative therapy at the Respiratory Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center between January 1st, 2000 and November 30th, 2003. One patient succumbed to operation-related causes and was excluded from the study. The study group thus comprised 75 patients: 45 with adenocarcinomas, 25 with squamous cell carcinomas and 5 patients with large cell carcinomas. The mean follow-up was 1,466 days (range 106–3,328). Informed consent was obtained from each patient. This study was approved by Ethics Committee of the Yokohama City Medical Center.
Immunohistochemistry
The primary antibody used to detect claudin-7 was a mouse monoclonal antibody (Zymed, San Francisco, CA, USA). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens were cut into 4-μm sections and mounted on slides. The sections were deparaffinized and rehydrated. The slides were then heated in a microwave oven three times for 5 min each in a 10-μmol/l citrate buffer solution at pH 6.0 and cooled at room temperature for 20 min. After quenching the endogenous peroxidase activity with 3% H2O2 for 5 min, the sections were incubated for 60 min at room temperature, with the primary antibody diluted at 1:100. Endogenous biotin was blocked by the Dako Biotin blocking system (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), according to the manufacturer’s specifications. After rinsing, specific staining was visualized with the use of an LSAB+ system-HRP system (Dako). Color was produced by the application of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine for 10 min. The sections were counterstained with Meyer’s hematoxylin (Muto Pure Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan).
Samples were scored semiquantitatively and qualitatively for every section, without knowledge of the clinical data. The distribution of stained cells was scored as follows: 1, 0–30%; 2, 31–60% and 3, 61–100%. The intensity of claudin-7 expression was scored from 1 to 3 as follows: grade 1, weak staining; grade 2, moderate staining and grade 3, strong staining. Strong staining of ≥61% cells (i.e., both distribution score and intensity score = 3) was classified as claudin-7-high. The remaining staining patterns were classified as claudin-7-low.
Statistical analysis
Counts were compared by the χ2 test. Continuous data were compared using Student’s t-test. The postoperative survival rate was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and differences in survival rates were assessed using the log-rank test. Death from any cause was included in the calculation of postoperative survival. Differences were considered significant when P<0.05. Statistical manipulations were performed using the SPSS for Windows software system (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
The subjects included were 52 men and 23 women with a mean age of 65.2 years (range 32–82; median 65). The most common histological type of tumor was adenocarcinoma (60.0%; 45 cases), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (33.3%; 25 cases) and large cell carcinoma (6.7%; 5 cases). Tumor size was T1 in 34 patients (45.3%), T2 in 28 (37.3%), T3 in 9 (12.0%) and T4 in 4 (5.3%). Thirty-six patients (48.0%) had no metastasis to regional lymph nodes (N0), whereas 11 (14.7%) had metastatic involvement of the hilar lymph nodes (N1) and 28 (37.3%) had metastases to the mediastinal nodes (N2, N3). Thirty tumors (40.0%) were classified as stage I, 15 (20.0%) were stage II and 30 (40.0%) were stage III. At the end of follow-up, 34 patients (45.3%) were alive and 41 (54.7%) had succumbed to the disease.
The immunohistochemical expression of claudin-7 was detected in the epithelial cell membranes of the normal bronchial mucosa. Claudin-7 expression was also observed in lung cancer cells (Fig. 1). The immunohistochemical distribution and intensity of claudin-7 expression are summarized in Table I. Among the 75 carcinomas studied, 25 (33.3%) strongly expressed claudin-7. In the 75 carcinomas, ≥61% of the tumor cells stained positively. Therefore, 25 carcinomas were classified as claudin-7-high and 50 (66.7%) were classified as claudin-7-low.
Figure 1.
Immunostaining of NSCLC in serial sections. An adenocarcinoma with high expression of claudin-7 (A) and a squamous cell carcinoma with high expression of claudin-7 (B). An adenocarcinoma with low expression of claudin-7 (C) and a squamous cell carcinoma with low expression of claudin-7 (D).
Table I.
Immunohistochemical results for claudin-7 in NSCLC.
| Distribution (%) | Intensity (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
| 1 (0–30) | 28 (37.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| 2 (31–60) | 8 (10.6) | 3 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 3 (61–100) | 3 (4.0) | 7 (9.3) | 25 (33.3) |
Claudin-7 expression status did not significantly correlate with any of the patient characteristics (Table II). The 5-year survival rate was 41.4% in patients with claudin-7-low tumors, compared to 61.3% in those with claudin-7-high tumors. Survival was significantly poorer in patients with claudin-7-low tumors than in those with claudin-7-high tumors (P=0.024) (Table III). Subsequently, we conducted subset analyses to investigate the prognostic significance of the claudin-7 status. Among patients with squamous cell carcinoma, the 5-year survival rate was significantly lower in claudin-7-low (26.3%) than in claudin-7-high patients (80.0%, P=0.011). For patients with adenocarcinoma, survival was similar in claudin-7-high and claudin-7-low patients (5-year survival rate, 53.5 and 54.4%, respectively; P=0.664). Claudin-7-high was associated with a better 5-year survival than claudin-7-low in patients with stage I disease, male patients and smokers (P=0.023, 0.035 and 0.010, respectively) (Table III).
Table II.
Patient characteristics and the claudin-7 expression status.
| No. of patients (%) | Claudin-7 expression | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| High (%) | Low (%) | |||
| All patients | 75 (100) | 25 (33.3) | 50 (66.7) | |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 65.2±9.49 | 65.8±6.98 | 64.9±10.5 | 0.702 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 52 (69.3) | 15 (28.8) | 37 (71.2) | 0.250 |
| Female | 23 (30.7) | 10 (43.5) | 13 (56.5) | |
| Histological type | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 45 (60.0) | 16 (35.6) | 29 (64.4) | 0.262 |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 25 (33.3) | 6 (24.0) | 19 (76.0) | |
| Large cell carcinoma | 5 (6.7) | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | |
| P-stage | ||||
| I | 30 (40.0) | 12 (40.0) | 18 (60.0) | 0.178 |
| II | 15 (20.0) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) | |
| III | 30 (40.0) | 11 (36.7) | 19 (63.3) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | 20 (26.7) | 7 (35.0) | 13 (65.0) | 0.854 |
| Smoker | 55 (73.3) | 18 (32.7) | 37 (67.3) | |
| T-factor | ||||
| T1 | 34 (45.3) | 12 (35.3) | 22 (64.7) | 0.452 |
| T2 | 28 (37.3) | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | |
| T3 | 9 (12.0) | 1 (11.1) | 8 (88.9) | |
| T4 | 4 (5.3) | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
| N-factor | ||||
| N0 | 36 (48.0) | 13 (36.1) | 23 (63.9) | 0.353 |
| N1 | 11 (14.7) | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | |
| N2 | 27 (36.0) | 9 (33.3) | 18 (66.7) | |
| N3 | 1 (1.3) | 1 (100) | 0 (0.0) | |
Table III.
Claudin-7 expression and postoperative survival in NSCLC.
| 5-year survival rate (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| Claudin-7 high patients | Claudin-7 low patients | P-value | |
| All patients | 61.3 | 41.4 | 0.024 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 57.7 | 32.4 | 0.035 |
| Female | 66.6 | 68.3 | 0.855 |
| Histological type | |||
| Adenocarcinoma | 53.5 | 54.4 | 0.664 |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 80.0 | 26.3 | 0.011 |
| P-stage | |||
| I | 91.6 | 50.0 | 0.023 |
| II, III | 38.5 | 36.4 | 0.365 |
| Smoking | |||
| Non-smoker | 50.0 | 61.5 | 0.890 |
| Smoker | 65.1 | 34.3 | 0.010 |
Discussion
Claudin-7 expression was reported in various malignant neoplasms. Kominsky et al showed that loss of the claudin-7 expression is associated with nodal metastasis in primary breast carcinomas (5). Sauer et al found that a reduced claudin-7 expression correlates with metastatic disease in breast carcinoma (7), while Usami et al reported that this correlates with tumor invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (6). A reduced claudin-7 expression correlates with a high tumor grade in prostatic adenocarcinoma (8). Oshima et al reported that a reduced claudin-7 expression correlates with venous invasion and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer (9). In contrast, an increased claudin-7 expression was reported in various cancer types, such as intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinomas (10), ovarian cancer (11) and cervical carcinoma (12). On the other hand, Bello et al reported that a high and low immunoreactivity of claudin-7 is associated with a slightly poorer survival than median immunoreactivity in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (13). However, claudin-7 expression in NSCLC remains largely uninvestigated.
The present study assessed the immunohistochemical expression of claudin-7 in NSCLC. Two previous studies examined the immunohistochemical expression of claudin-7 in NSCLC. Moldvay et al reported a very strong expression of claudin-7 in almost all types of NSCLC, except for neuroendocrine tumors (14). Soini also reported a strong expression of claudin-7 in almost all NSCLCs studied (15). However, neither of these studies assessed the clinical significance of claudin-7 expression. We found that 66.7% of the NSCLCs showed a low claudin-7 expression, and two large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas showed a high claudin-7 expression. The discrepancies noted in the findings of previous studies may be related to differences in staining procedures, such as the antibody used.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the clinical significance of claudin-7 expression in NSCLC. We found that a reduced expression of claudin-7 was a significant predictor of poor outcome, especially in squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast to patients with squamous cell carcinoma, claudin-7 expression status was unrelated to the postoperative survival in patients with adenocarcinoma.
Among patients with stage I disease, survival was significantly poorer in those with claudin-7-low than in those with claudin-7-high tumors. This finding suggests that claudin-7 is a prognostic marker for early stage cancer. Although in our study claudin-7 expression was unrelated to patient characteristics, such as p-stage and nodal status, further experimental and clinical studies should be conducted to define the exact role of claudin-7 in the progression of NSCLC.
In conclusion, a reduced claudin-7 expression was associated with poor outcome in patients with NSCLC, particularly in squamous cell carcinoma, stage I disease, male gender and smokers. These results suggest that claudin-7 expression is a useful biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in patients with NSCLC.
Figure 2.
Overall survival of 75 patients with NSCLC according to claudin-7 status: (A) NSCLCs, (B) adenocarcinomas, (C) squamous cell carcinomas and (D) stage I NSCLCs.
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