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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Aug 23.
Published in final edited form as: Neuron. 2012 Aug 23;75(4):714–724. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.016

Figure 4. Cognitive training during adolescence increased cognition-associated inter-hippocampal phase synchrony in adult NVHL rats.

Figure 4

Raw EEG traces (top); inter-hippocampal phase synchrony (bottom) A. In sham control rats, phase synchrony across delta, theta, and beta frequencies but not gamma was significantly increased during two-frame avoidance compared to home cage behaviors (group: F1,35 = 95.77, p = 10−11; frequency: F4,19 = 17.01, p = 10−6; interaction: F4,35 = 5.96, p = 0.0009; Tukey HSD post-hoc p’s < 0.05). B. Adult NVHL rats had significantly lower phase synchrony than control rats during the two-frame task (group: F1,40 = 10.79, p = 0.002; frequency: F4,40 = 19.69, p = 10−9; interaction: F4,40 = 5.56, p = 0.001; Tukey HSD post-hoc p’s < 0.05). C. While performing the two-frame task, adult NVHL rats that were trained during adolescence had significantly greater phase synchrony than adult NVHL rats that were only exposed to the rotating arena during adolescence (group: F1,20 = 35.32, p = 10−6; frequency: F4,20 = 29.96, p = 10−8; interaction: F4,20 = 1.28, p = 0.31). D. Phase synchrony did not significantly differ between adult NVHL and control rats that were given the two-frame training during adolescence (group: F1,10 = 2.51, p = 0.14; frequency: F4,10 = 22.06, p = 10−5; interaction: F4,10 = 0.55, p = 0.71). *p < 0.05.