Abstract
Objective
The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of allergic rhinitis (AR) in children and investigate if allergenic rhinitis demonstrated any effects on developmental growth levels and body mass indexes (BMI) in children.
Materials and methods
651 students, between 3–15 years of age who were randomly selected from four elementary schools located at Kartal, Istanbul were assessed according to symptoms and the presence of AR by nasal examination with the aid of a 0 degree 2.7 mm hand rigid endoscope. Height and weight percentile values of students regarding growth according to age and their BMI were calculated and statically assessed. Results obtained are presented.
Results
Findings obtained from a questionnaire and clinical examination does not allow us to perform a definite differentiation regarding in school children at age 3–5. The prevalence of AR in girls is higher. However, there are no any significant differences regarding BMIs in children with or without AR (p < 0,142). But there are statistically significant differences regarding height and weight percentiles in children with and without AR. Accordingly, there was a tendency in children diagnosed with AR to display low values related with height and weight percentiles. In Pearson chi-square testing, p values of percentile values related with weight (p < 0,032) and p values of percentiles related with height (p < 0,001) were determined.
Conclusion
AR prevalence was higher in girls independently from BMI values. We determined a strong relationship between BMI values and AR dependant to age and gender.
Keywords: Allergic rhinitis, Body mass index, Growth parameters
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (251.0 KB).
References
- 1.Kilpeläinen M., Terho E.O., Helenius H., Koskenvuo M. Body mass index and physical activity in relation to asthma and atopic diseases in young adults. Respir Med. 2006;100(9):1518–1525. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Gallagher D., Visser M., Sepuveda D., Pierson R.N., Harris T., Heymsfield S.B. How useful is body mass index for comparisons of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:82–83. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Mutius E., Schwartz J., Neas L.M., Dockery D., Weiss S.T. Relation of body mass index to asthma and atopy in children: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Study III. Thorax. 2001;56:835–838. doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.11.835. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Shaheen S.O., Sterne J.A.C., Montgomery S.M., Azima H. Birth weight, body mass index and asthma in young adults. Thorax. 1999;54:396–102. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.5.396. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Varraso R., Siroux V., Maccario J., Pin I., Kauffman F. Asthma severity is associated with body mass index and early menarche in women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;171:334–339. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200405-674OC. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Liukkonen K., Virkkula P., Aronen E.T., Kirjavainen T., Pitkaranta A. All snoring is not adenoids in young children. Int J Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;72:879–884. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.02.018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Bar A., Tarasiuk A., Segev Y., Phillip M., Tal A. The effect of adenotonsillectomy on serum insulin-like growth factor-I and growth in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Pediatr. 1999;135(1):76–80. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70331-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Bland R.M., Bulgarelli S., Ventham J.C., Jackson D., Reilly J.J., Paton J.Y. Total energy expenditure in children with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2001;18(1):164–169. doi: 10.1183/09031936.01.99104401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Egeli E., Belli S.B., Oghan F., Ozturk O. Relation of isolated tonsillar hypertrophy with body mass index. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2006;68(4):228–231. doi: 10.1159/000092124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Kusunoki T., Morimoto T., Nishikomori R., Heike T., Ito M., Hosoi S., Nakahata T. Obesity and the prevalence of allergic diseases in school children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19(6):527–534. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00686.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Unal M., Eskandari G., Muslu N., Pata Y.S., Akbas Y. Serum leptin levels in patients with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(2):331–333. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2005.11.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Salem M.L. Oestrogen, a double-edged sword: modulation of Thl- and Th2- mediated inflammations by differential regulation Th1/Th2 cytokine production. Review. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2004;3:97–104. doi: 10.2174/1568010043483944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Bierman C.V., Pearlman D.S., Shapiro G.G., Busse W.W., editors. Allergy, Astma and Immunolgy from Infancy to Aduldhood. 3rd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. pp. 472–483. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Luder E., Erlich R.I., Lou W.Y.W., Melnik T.A., Kattan M. Body mass index and the risk of asthma in adults. Respir Med. 2004;98:29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2003.08.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Bråabäck L., Hjern A., Rasmussen F. Body mass index, asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in Swedish conscripts — a national cohort study over three decades. Respir Med. 2005;99(8):1010–1014. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Linneberg A, Nielsen NH, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, Jörgensen T (2001) Factors related to allergic sensitization to aeroallergens in a cross-sectional study in adults: The Copenhagen Allergy Study. Clin Exp Allergy 1409-1417 [DOI] [PubMed]
- 17.Huang S.L., Shiao G., Chou P. Association between body mass index and allergy in teenage girls in Taiwan. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29(3):323–329. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00455.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Ciprandi G., Pistorio A., Tosca M., Ferraro M.R., Cirillo I. Body mass index, respiratory function and bronchial hyperreactivity in allergic rhinitis and asthma. Respiratory Medicine. 2009;103:289–295. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.08.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]