Abstract
From January 1992-January 1998, 1404 patients attended the “Breast Clinic” of R.N.T. Medical College M.B. Hospital, Udaipur. Out of these, 11% and 81% patients had breast cancer (B.C.) and benign breast cancer (B.B.D.) respectively. The oxidative load in B.C. was 2.32 times higher than controls, but comparable to B.B.D. β-Carotene deficiency was uncommon in patients, whereas vitamin A deficiency was almost equally common in both B.C. and controls. Most of the patients had almost depleted levels of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid but their TBAR levels were in normal range. The data in the present study when compared with B.B.D. and other local normal subjects point out: a) oxidative burden in B.C. is a consequence and not the cause of the disease, (b) oxidative stress could be one of the etiological factors in tumor expression, which need not to be malignant and c) α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid are not importantly responsible for higher oxidative burden in B.C.
Key words: Breast Cancer, Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, α-Tocopherol, Ascorbic acid
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (586.4 KB).
References
- 1.Park K. Preventive and Social Medicine. 5th edn. Jabalpur: Babu Banarasi Das Bhanot; 1997. Epidemiology of chronic non-communicable diseases and conditions: cancer; pp. 281–289. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Jatoi A., Loprinzi C.L. Nutritional determinants of survival among patients with breast cancer. Surg. Clin. North. Am. 1999;79:1145–1156. doi: 10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70065-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Gupta P.C., Herbert J.R., Bhonsle R.B., Murti P.R., Mehta H., Mehta F.S. Influence of dietary factors on oral pre cancerous lesions in a population based case central control study in Kerala, India. Cancer. 1999;85(9):1885–1893. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990501)85:9<1885::aid-cncr2>3.0.co;2-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Demarini D.M. Dietary interventions of human carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 1998;400(1–2):457–465. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00052-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Holmes M.D., Hunter D.J., Colditz G.A. Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1999;281:914–920. doi: 10.1001/jama.281.10.914. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Ambrosone C.B., Freudenheim J.L., Thompson P.A., Bowman E., Vena J.E., Marshall J.R., Raham S. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) genetic polymorphisms, dietary antioxidants and risk of breast cancer. J. Nutr. 1999;129(25th suppl):565–568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Buege J.A., Aust S.D. The thiobarbituric acid assay. In: Colowick S.P., Kaplan N.O., editors. Methods in Ezymology. New York: Academic Press; 1978. pp. 306–308. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Natelson S. Techniques of chemical chemistry. 3rd edn. Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.: Charles C. Thomas; 1971. pp. 162–164. [Google Scholar]
- 9.Baker H., Frank O. Clinical Vitaminology Methods and Interpretations. New York: Interscience Publishers, John Willey and Sons Inc.; 1968. pp. 172–176. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Singh, P.P., Purbia, P., Purbia, S.L., Vashistha, C., Ghosh, R., Barjatiya, M.K. and Pendse, A.K. (1999) Nutritional studies on the population of southern Rajasthan: III Tribal adolescents, adults and elderly. In: Free radicals and antioxidants: Sort out facts from fiction, Eds. Singh. P.P., Pendse, A. K., Bomb, B.S. Barjatiya, M.K. and Ghosh, R. Published on behalf of International Symposium in Medicine and Biology, by the editors, Udaipur p. 249–259.
- 11.Ghosh, R., Mehta, A., Ramavataram, D.V.S.S., Barjatiya, M.K. and Singh, P.P. (1999) Peroxidant and antioxidant balance in aging. In: Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Sort out Facts from fiction. Eds. Singh. P.P., Pendse, A.K., Bomb, B.S. and Ghosh, R. Published on behalf of International Symposium in Medicine and Biology, by the editors, Udaipur. p. 127–133.
- 12.Suy S., Mitchell J.B., Ehleiter D., Haimonitz-Freidman A., Kasid U. Nitroxides tempol and tempo induce divergent signal transduction pathways in MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1998;273(28):17871–17878. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.28.17871. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Frisch R.E., Wyshak G., Albright N.L., Albright T.E., Schiff I., Witschi J. Former athletes have a lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the productive system. In: Jacobs M.M., editor. Exercise, Calories, Fat and Cancer. New York: Plenum Press; 1992. pp. 29–39. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Paffenberger R.S., Lec I.M., Wing A.L. The influence of physical activity on the incidence of site specific cancers in college alumni. In: Jacobs M.M., editor. Exercise, Calories, Fat and Cancer. New York, U.S.A.: Plenum Press; 1992. pp. 7–15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Kritchevsky D. Caloric restriction and cancer: Search for the molecular mechanisms. In: Jacobs M.M., editor. Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991. pp. 113–122. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Thorling E.B., Jacobson N.O. Calories and exercise as modifiers of cancer risk. In: Prasad K. N., Santamaria L., Williams R. N., editors. Nutrients in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1995. pp. 173–189. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Prasad K.N. Vitamins induce cell differentiation, growth initiation and enhance the effect or tumor therapeutic agents in some cancer cells in vitro. In: Prasad K.N., Santamaria L., Williams R.N., editors. Nutrients in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1995. pp. 265–285. [Google Scholar]
- 18.Halliwell B. Antioxidants and human disease: A general introduction. Nutr. Rev. 1997;55:544–548. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb06100.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Meysken F.L. Role of vitamin A and its derivatives in the treatment of human cancer. In: Prasad K.N., Santamaria L., Williams R.N., editors. Nutrients in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1995. pp. 349–362. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Cassidy, J., Lipoman, M., Lacroix, A. and Peck, G. (1983) Phase II trial of 13 cis-retinoic acid in metastatic breast cancer and melanoma. Investigational New Drugs 925–929. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 21.Mediano M.R., Dalton W.S., Dippman S.M. Phase II study of feuretinide (N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide) in breast cancer and melanoma. Invest. New Drugs. 1990;8:317–319. doi: 10.1007/BF00171846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Hill D.L., Shin T.W., Lin T.H., Shealy Y.F. Biochemistry and Pharmacology of retinoids in relation to chemoprevention of cancer. In: Prasad K.N., Santamaria L., Williams R.N., editors. Nutrients in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Totowa, New Jersey, USA: Humana Press; 1995. pp. 119–136. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Moon R.C., McCormick D.L., Mehta R.G. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by retinoids. Cancer Res. 1983;43:2469S–2475S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Singh P.P., Rajkiran Retinol deficiency and urinary stone disease: Clinical evidence is missing. Scanning Microscopy. 1993;7(1):443–446. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Purbia, P., Purbia, S.L., Vashishtha, C., Ghosh, R., Barjatiya, M.K., Pendse, A.K., and Singh, P.P. (1999) Nutritional studies on the population of southern Rajasthan: I Tribal children. In: Free radicals and antioxidants: Sort out facts from fiction. In: Free radicals and antioxidants: sort out facts from fiction. Eds. Singh. P.P. Pendse, A. K., Bomb, B.S. Barjatiya, M.K. and Ghosh, R. Published on behalf of International Symposium in Medicine and Biology, by the editors, Udaipur p. 227–235.
- 26.Wald N.J., Boreham J., Heyward J.L., Bulbrock R.D. Plasma retinol, β-carotene and vitamin Elevels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer. Brit. J. Cancer. 1984;49:321–324. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1984.50. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]