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Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine logoLink to Journal of Urban Health : Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
. 1999 Jun;76(2):211–228. doi: 10.1007/BF02344677

Challenges for the public in negotiating the health system in the 21st century

Shoshanna Sofaer 1
PMCID: PMC3455989  PMID: 10924031

Abstract

This paper addresses the challenges and opportunities that face the public in negotiating the health care system (both medicine and public health) in the 21st century. It addresses three issues: how consumers exercise choice, with special attention to the choice of health care coverage; how patients and communities interact with clinicians and public health professionals; and whether and how the public's “voice” is heard as health policy decisions, at the societal and institutional levels, are made. With respect to each of these issues, the paper describes the current status of public influence and articulates a vision for the future. These three related visions are (1) that empowered, informed, supported consumers make decisions about health plans, clinicians, treatments, and their own behavior; (2) that clinicians and public health professionals, working as partners with patients and communities, are in a position to “standardize the customization of care” so that all aspects of care are tailored to the needs of the individual, family, or community in question and social, economic, and cultural factors are taken into account in the day-to-day practice of medicine and public health; and (3) that the ability and willingness of the public to negotiate and shape the health care environment is supported by an independent infrastructure that permits enhanced public involvement in health policy making and governance. The paper identifies key elements of this vision, discusses challenges to pursuing and achieving each vision, and identifies opportunities that may support the pursuit of the vision.

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