Abstract
We determined the nucleotide sequence of about 1 kilobase of DNA 3' to the 5' long terminal repeat of three noninfectious ad one infectious proviral DNA clones of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, to determine if the types of nucleic acid changes involved in retrovirus mutation shed light on special features of retrovirus replication. An open reading frame was found starting 411 base pairs from the end of the long terminal repeat. It contained sequences coding for the 36 amino acids at the amino terminus of the p30 of a related reticuloendotheliosis virus [Oroszlan, S., Barbacid, M., Copeland T., Aaronson, S. A. & Gilden, R. V. (1981) J. Virol. 39, 845-854]. Therefore, the open reading frame represents the 5' end of the gag gene. A mutation in one noninfectious provirus changed the initiation codon for the gag polypeptide; a mutation in another noninfectious provirus caused premature termination of gag polypeptide synthesis; and a nontandem duplication into gag resulting from a mistake in initial (+) strand DNA synthesis changed amino acids and the reading frame in a third noninfectious provirus. These mutations appear to be responsible for the lack of infectivity of these provirus clones and indicate a higher relative frequency of mutation in this region of the genome. In addition, all four clones have multiple other mutations. These mutations are mostly base pair substitutions and many are clustered for any one clone, reflecting certain special features of retrovirus replication.
Full text
PDF




Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Chen I. S., Temin H. M. Ribonucleotides in unintegrated linear spleen necrosis virus DNA. J Virol. 1980 Mar;33(3):1058–1073. doi: 10.1128/jvi.33.3.1058-1073.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coffin J. M. Structure, replication, and recombination of retrovirus genomes: some unifying hypotheses. J Gen Virol. 1979 Jan;42(1):1–26. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-42-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Farabaugh P. J., Schmeissner U., Hofer M., Miller J. H. Genetic studies of the lac repressor. VII. On the molecular nature of spontaneous hotspots in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 1978 Dec 25;126(4):847–857. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90023-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goff S., Traktman P., Baltimore D. Isolation and properties of Moloney murine leukemia virus mutants: use of a rapid assay for release of virion reverse transcriptase. J Virol. 1981 Apr;38(1):239–248. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.1.239-248.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunter E., Bhown A. S., Bennett J. C. Amino-terminal amino acid sequence of the major structural polypeptides of avian retroviruses: sequence homology between reticuloendotheliosis virus p30 and p30s of mammalian retroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jun;75(6):2708–2712. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.6.2708. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Keshet E., O'Rear J. J., Temin H. M. DNA of noninfectious and infectious integrated spleen necrosis virus (SNV) is colinear with unintegrated SNV DNA and not grossly abnormal. Cell. 1979 Jan;16(1):51–61. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90187-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Keshet E., Temin H. M. Sites of integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus DNA in chicken DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jul;75(7):3372–3376. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3372. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee W. H., Nunn M., Duesberg P. H. src Genes of ten Rous sarcoma virus strains, including two reportedly transduced from the cell, are completely allelic; putative markers of transduction are not detected. J Virol. 1981 Sep;39(3):758–776. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.758-776.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Rear J. J., Mizutani S., Hoffman G., Fiandt M., Temin H. M. Infectious and noninfectious recombinant clones of the provirus of SNV differ in cellular DNA and are apparently the same in viral DNA. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):423–430. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90628-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- O'Rear J. J., Temin H. M. Mapping of alterations in noninfectious proviruses of spleen necrosis virus. J Virol. 1981 Jul;39(1):138–149. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.1.138-149.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oroszlan S., Barbacid M., Copeland T. D., Aaronson S. A., Gilden R. V. Chemical and Immunological characterization of the major structural protein (p28) of MMC-1, a rhesus monkey endogenous type C virus: homology with the major structural protein of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. J Virol. 1981 Sep;39(3):845–854. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.845-854.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Queen C. L., Korn L. J. Computer analysis of nucleic acids and proteins. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):595–609. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65062-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shimotohno K., Mizutani S., Temin H. M. Sequence of retrovirus provirus resembles that of bacterial transposable elements. Nature. 1980 Jun 19;285(5766):550–554. doi: 10.1038/285550a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shimotohno K., Temin H. M. Spontaneous variation and synthesis in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat of an avian retrovirus. J Virol. 1982 Jan;41(1):163–171. doi: 10.1128/jvi.41.1.163-171.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- TEMIN H. M. Mixed infection with two types of Rous sarcoma virus. Virology. 1961 Feb;13:158–163. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(61)90049-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Temin H. M. Structure, variation and synthesis of retrovirus long terminal repeat. Cell. 1981 Nov;27(1 Pt 2):1–3. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90353-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Temin H. M. The cellular and molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses, especially avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, and their relatives. Adv Cancer Res. 1974;19(0):47–104. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60052-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Upholt W. B., Dawid I. B. Mapping of mitochondrial DNA of individual sheep and goats: rapid evolution in the D loop region. Cell. 1977 Jul;11(3):571–583. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90075-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]