Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate computerized monitoring of speech and swallowing outcomes and its impact on quality of life (QoL) and emotional well-being in head and neck cancer patients in an outpatient clinic.
Methods
Sixty-seven patients, treated by single or multimodality treatment, completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-H&N35 questionnaires and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in an outpatient clinic, using a touch screen computer system (OncoQuest), at baseline (at time of diagnosis) and first follow-up (1 month after end of treatment).
Results
Tumor sites included oral cavity (n = 12), oropharynx (n = 18), hypopharynx (n = 8), and larynx (n = 29). Tumor stage included carcinoma in situ (n = 3), stage I (n = 21), stage II (n = 7), stage III (n = 15), and IV (n = 21). No speech or swallowing problems at baseline or follow-up were noted in 23 % (speech) and 41 % (swallowing) of patients. Twenty-one percent (speech) and 19 % (swallowing) had problems at baseline and returned to normal scores at follow-up, while 16 % (speech) and 19 % (swallowing) had normal scores at baseline and developed problems at follow-up. Forty percent (speech) and 21 % (swallowing) had persistent problems from baseline to follow-up. At baseline, speech problems were significantly related to tumor site and emotional distress. At baseline and follow-up, swallowing problems were significantly related to QoL and emotional distress. At follow-up, speech problems were significantly related to QoL, emotional distress, and swallowing problems.
Conclusions
Monitoring speech and swallowing problems through OncoQuest in an outpatient clinic is feasible. Many patients report speech and swallowing problems, negatively affecting their QoL and emotional well-being.
Keywords: Head and neck cancer, E-health, Patient-reported speech and swallowing problems, Quality of life, Emotional well-being
Introduction
Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients often have to deal with speech and swallowing problems before or after treatment, negatively affecting health-related quality of life. HNC patients may experience discomfort and functional deficits as a result of the disease itself, such as tumor-induced pain, and/or problems with swallowing and speaking prior to treatment. It has been estimated that 34–75 % of HNC patients have speech or swallowing problems after treatment [1–3]. In clinical practice, various subjective and objective measures to evaluate posttreatment speech and swallowing outcomes are used. Speech outcomes can be assessed by indicators of speech production (e.g., oral function and articulation tests and aerodynamic and acoustical analyses), perceptual speech evaluation (e.g., intelligibility, articulation, nasality, speech rate, and acceptability), and by subjective measures to evaluate self-reported speech problems in everyday life situations (e.g., questionnaires). Swallowing outcome measures include objective assessment methods such as the modified barium swallow procedure with videofluorography [4], videofluoroscopy combined with manometry (manofluoroscopy) [5], fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing [6], or scintigraphy [7]. Other clinician-rated dysphagia assessments can be performed by clinical swallowing evaluation (e.g., gathering information on current swallowing problems, reviewing medical history, observing signs relevant to the patient's medical status, conducting an examination of speech and swallowing structures, observing the patient during trial swallows, and by recording acute and late toxicity after radiotherapy) [8].
Patient-reported speech and swallowing problems are usually identified through questionnaires. Implementation of patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice may be facilitated by information technology, allowing real-time quick and easy presentation of results to clinicians [9–11]. In our institute, a touch screen computer-assisted data collection system, OncoQuest, was developed and implemented in clinical practice enabling structured monitoring of quality of life and emotional distress [12, 13].
The purpose of this explorative study is to evaluate structured computerized monitoring of prospective patient-reported speech and swallowing outcomes from baseline (pretreatment) to first follow-up 1 month after treatment in HNC patients using OncoQuest and to investigate the impact of speech and swallowing problems on quality of life and emotional well-being.
Methods
Patients
From February 2009 to July 2010, 67 newly diagnosed HNC patients filled out the patient-reported outcomes through OncoQuest. The inclusion criteria were curative treatment for primary tumors in the larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity, or oropharynx. Exclusion criteria were: diseases causing cognitive dysfunction and poor understanding of the Dutch language. Age, gender, tumor site and stage, and treatment modality were recorded. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. This study was approved by the VU University medical ethics committee.
Outcome measures
Patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 [14] and EORTC QLQ-H&N35 [15] and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [16] at the time of diagnosis and on their first follow-up after the end of treatment. The questionnaires were presented through OncoQuest, a touch screen computer-based data collection system. An example of the touch screen user interface is shown in Fig. 1. One of the outcome variables in OncoQuest is time to complete the questionnaire: at their first visit, it took patients on average 8.7 min to complete all 79 items, and 8.0 min at first follow-up visit, 1 month after treatment.
The EORTC QLQ-C30 is a cancer-specific questionnaire and comprises a global health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scale (two items) and five functional scales: physical functioning (five items), role functioning (two items), emotional functioning (four items), cognitive functioning (two items), and social functioning (two items). There are three symptom scales (fatigue (three items), nausea and vomiting (two items), and pain (two items)) and six single items relating to dyspnoea, insomnia, loss of appetite, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties. The QLQ-C30 subscale Global QOL is used in the present study.
The EORTC QLQ-H&N35 module covers specific HNC issues and comprises seven subscales: pain (four items), swallowing (five items), senses (two items), speech (three items), social eating (four items), social contact (five items), and sexuality (two items). There are ten single items covering problems with teeth, dry mouth, sticky saliva, cough, opening the mouth wide, weight loss, weight gain, use of nutritional supplements, feeding tubes, and pain-killers. The speech and swallowing subscales were used in the present study.
The scores of the QLQ-C30 and of the QLQ-H&N35 are linearly transformed to a scale of 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating a higher (i.e., more positive) level of functioning or global HRQOL, or a higher (i.e., more negative) level of symptoms or (speech and swallowing) problems. Presence of speech or swallowing problems was defined as a score ≥10 on the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 speech or swallowing subscale. These cutoff scores are based on a cohort of 110 subjects from the general population of whom 95 % scored below 10 on these two subscales (unpublished data).
The HADS is a 14-item scale with two subscales, anxiety and depression. The total HADS score ranges from 0 to 42; the subscales range from 0 to 21. In psycho-oncology, the total HADS score is proven to be an accurate instrument to identify cancer patients with depression [17, 18] and anxiety and other psychological sequelae. In the present study, a total HADS score of >15 was used as indicator of a high level of distress [19, 20].
Statistical analysis
Patients were categorized regarding presence of speech problems (yes/no) or swallowing problems (yes/no), gender, tumor site (larynx/hypopharynx/oropharynx/oral cavity), tumor stage (carcinoma in situ/I/II/III/IV), and treatment: surgery/radiotherapy/chemoradiation/surgery (other than laryngectomy) and radiotherapy/surgery (laryngectomy) and radiotherapy/surgery and chemoradiation. Chi-square tests were used to investigate the relation between the presence of speech or swallowing problems and gender, tumor site (larynx/hypopharynx vs. oral/oropharynx), tumor stage (cis/I/II vs. III/IV), and treatment modality: single modality (surgery or radiotherapy) vs. combined modality (surgery and radiotherapy/chemoradiation). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test associations between speech or swallowing problems and global QOL (global QOL scale EORTC QLQ-C30) and emotional distress (total HADS score). For all tests, a p value less than .05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Patients
The patient group consisted of 51 males (76 %) and 16 females (24 %). Mean age was 64 years (range 43–83). Tumor sites included oral cavity (n = 12), oropharynx (n = 18), hypopharynx (n = 8), and larynx (n = 29). Tumor stage included carcinoma in situ (n = 3), stage I (n = 21), stage II (n = 7), stage III (n = 15), and IV (n = 21). Patients were treated by surgery (n = 18), radiotherapy (n = 23), chemoradiation (n = 12), surgery (other than laryngectomy) and postoperative radiotherapy (n = 7), laryngectomy and radiotherapy (n = 6), and surgery and postoperative chemoradiation (n = 1; Table 1). Regarding assessment at first follow-up visit (follow-up), median time since the end of treatment was 1 month (SD 1.2 months).
Table 1.
N (%) | |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 51 (76%) |
Female | 16 (24%) |
Mean age in years | 64 (9.6, 43–83) (SD, range) |
Tumor site | |
Oral cavity | 12 (18%) |
Oropharynx | 18 (27%) |
Hypopharynx | 8 (12%) |
Larynx | 29 (43%) |
T classification (stage) | |
Carcinoma in situ | 3 (5%) |
I | 21 (31%) |
II | 7 (11%) |
III | 15 (22%) |
IV | 21 (31%) |
Treatment | |
Surgery | 18 (27%) |
Radiotherapy | 23 (34%) |
Chemoradiation | 12 (18%) |
Surgery and radiotherapy(other than laryngectomy) | 7 (10%) |
Surgery and radiotherapy (laryngectomy) | 6 (9%) |
Surgery and chemoradiation (other than laryngectomy) | 1 (2%) |
Patient-reported speech outcome
Mean EORTC QLQ-H&N35 speech subscale score was 22.72 (SD 26.3; range 0–100) at time of diagnosis and 29.52 (SD 25.5; range 0–89) at follow-up (Table 2). No patient-reported speech problems at baseline or follow-up were noted in 23 % of the patients, 21 % had speech problems at baseline and returned to normal scores at follow-up, while 16 % of the patients had normal scores at baseline and developed problems at follow-up. Forty percent of the patients had persistent problems from baseline to follow-up (Fig. 2). Speech reported outcomes were not significantly related to gender, tumor stage, or treatment modality. At baseline, speech problems were significantly related to tumor site (χ 2 = 10.28, p = .00; more speech problems in oral and oropharyngeal cancer compared to laryngeal/hypopharyngeal cancer). At time of diagnosis (baseline), patient-reported speech outcomes were significantly related to emotional distress (r = .25, p = .04). At follow-up, patient-reported speech outcomes were significantly related to quality of life (r = −.49, p = .00), emotional distress (r = .53, p = .00), and swallowing outcomes (r = .40, p = .00).
Table 2.
Time of diagnosis | First follow-up visit | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
EORTC QLQ-C30 (global quality of life) | 68.03 | 22.12 | 69.40 | 19.54 |
EORTC QLQ-H&N35 (speech problems) | 22.72 | 26.27 | 29.52 | 25.54 |
EORTC QLQ-H&N35 (swallowing problems) | 19.03 | 25.16 | 26.87 | 29.19 |
HADS (distress) | 9.82 | 8.26 | 8.97 | 6.98 |
A higher mean score indicates a higher (i.e., more positive) level of functioning or global QOL. A higher mean score indicates a higher (i.e., more negative) level of speech, swallowing problems, or distress symptoms
Patient-reported swallowing outcome
At time of diagnosis, mean EORTC QLQ-H&N35 swallowing subscale score was 19.03 (SD 25.2; range 0–83) and at follow-up 26.87 (SD 29.2; range 0–92; Table 2). No swallowing problems at baseline or follow-up were noted in 41 % of the patients. Nineteen percent had swallowing problems at baseline and returned to normal scores at follow-up, while 19 % had normal scores at baseline and developed swallowing problems at follow-up; 21 % had persistent problems from baseline to follow-up (Fig. 3). Patient-reported swallowing outcomes were significantly related to quality of life at the time of diagnosis (r = −.51, p = .00) and at follow-up (r = −.54, p = .00), to emotional distress at time of diagnosis (r = .52, p = .00) and at follow-up (r = .46, p = .00), and to speech outcomes at follow-up (r = .40, p = .00). Swallowing reported outcomes were not significantly related to gender, tumor site and stage, or treatment modality.
Discussion
This explorative study evaluated computerized monitoring of prospective patient-reported speech and swallowing outcomes in an outpatient clinic through OncoQuest, a touch screen computer system. A minority of the patients reported speech (21 %) or swallowing problems (19 %) at time of diagnosis, which is consistent with earlier studies [21, 22]. In the present study, the majority either developed speech or swallowing problems after treatment (16 and 19 %, respectively) or had persistent speech or swallowing problems from baseline to follow-up (40 and 21 %, respectively). In total, 56 % of the HNC patients had speech problems and 40 % had swallowing problems at first follow-up.
Previous studies of objective and subjective speech and swallowing problems yielded similar results regarding speech problems (ranging from 46 to 64 %) [23, 24], and swallowing problems (ranging from 30 to 75 %) [23, 25]. Although prevalence rates vary significantly due to methodological issues as inclusion criteria and assessment methods, it is clear that a substantial part of HNC patients report speech or swallowing problems before and/or after treatment with a clear impact on quality of life and emotional functioning. Also in earlier studies, speech and swallowing problems in HNC patients appeared to be significantly related to quality of life and emotional well-being [26–31], as shown in the present study. Structured monitoring of speech and swallowing problems and quality of life in clinical practice appears to be feasible, enhances patient–provider communication [32], and may facilitate physicians to focus quickly on issues that require further attention [10–12, 33] and to refer patients (if indicated) to speech and swallowing rehabilitation or other supportive care options in order to minimize acute and late effects of HNC and its treatment and to optimize quality of life.
In this study, two time points were chosen (before treatment and shortly after end of treatment) to obtain insight in acute side effects of treatment and possible needs for supportive care at an early stage. All patients completed the questionnaires at those time points. Longer follow-up will provide more information on the course of speech and swallowing problems. However, in clinical practice, it is clear that the willingness to complete the questionnaires drops over time. More long-term follow-up research is needed to assess efficacy of structured monitoring of speech and swallowing using a touch screen computer in clinical practice and to investigate moderating factors that may influence participation rate, such as age, gender, treatment modality, and burden of symptoms.
Speech and swallowing function can be improved in three ways. First, in planning surgery and (chemo-) radiation, head and neck oncologists may take into account the effects of their interventions on swallowing and speech production by using intensity-modulated radiotherapy to constrain the dose to be received by the swallowing muscles [34] and to minimize the impact on surrounding healthy tissues [35]. Second, a number of rehabilitative procedures are available to reduce or eliminate speech and swallowing problems after HNC surgery or (chemo-) radiation [36–38] by performing range of motion exercises, resistance exercises, swallow maneuvers, and compensation techniques. And third, speech and swallowing may be evaluated before treatment to determine the speech and swallowing status at start and to prepare the patient regarding possible speech and swallowing impairments.
It remains unclear whether patients might benefit from speech or swallowing rehabilitation (one of the main reasons to monitor patient-reported speech and swallowing outcome in the first place): efficacy studies of (pretreatment) speech and swallowing therapy are scarce [39–42]. A pilot study in our clinic revealed that mobility and flexibility exercises during a burdensome period of radiotherapy treatment are feasible. Exercises were easily learned and carried out according to plan. The protocol is extended with a DVD and a website (www.halszaken-vumc.nl) as helpful e-health tools with information, film clips with examples of the exercises, and e-coaching. A prospective study is ongoing to investigate the effectiveness of this exercise protocol during radiotherapy. Next to effectiveness, this study will also provide insight into determinants and barriers regarding participation and compliance.
In the present study, the speech and swallowing subscales of the EORTC QLQ-H&N35 module were used to assess patient-reported speech and swallowing problems because they comprise only three speech and five swallowing items, and are thus quick and easy to use in a busy outpatient clinic. We used a cutoff score of 10 based on a cohort of 110 subjects from the general population of whom 95 % scored below 10 on these two subscales (unpublished data). However, these short scales may not cover all speech- and swallowing-related issues. The Speech Handicap Index (SHI) and the Swallowing Questionnaire on Quality of Life (SWAL-QoL) may provide more specific information on self-reported speech and swallowing problems. The SHI was developed in a cohort of patients with oral or oropharyngeal cancer [43] and consists of 30 items on speech problems in daily life. The SHI was validated and a cutoff score of 6 (or higher) was defined on the total SHI scale to identify patients with speech problems in daily life after treatment for oral or oropharyngeal cancer, which was confirmed in a recent study on laryngeal cancer patients (unpublished data). In an earlier study, we translated and validated the 44-item swallowing-specific quality of life questionnaire SWAL-QoL and defined a cutoff score of 14 points (or higher) regarding the total SWAL-QOL score to identify patients with swallowing problems after treatment for oral or oropharyngeal cancer and [44]; this cutoff score was confirmed in a recent study on laryngeal cancer patients (unpublished data). Recently, based on the positive results of the present study regarding the feasibility to monitor speech and swallowing (as assessed by the short EORTC QLQ-H&N35 scales) in clinical practice, the SWAL-QOL and SHI have been built in OncoQuest. An ongoing research focuses on whether these longer questionnaires are also feasible in clinical practice.
Conclusion
Computerized monitoring of patient-reported speech and swallowing outcome in a busy outpatient clinic using a touch screen computer system (OncoQuest) is feasible. Many HNC patients report speech and swallowing problems before and after treatment, negatively affecting QoL and emotional well-being.
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
No competing financial interest exists.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
References
- 1.Dwivedi RC, Kazi RA, Agrawal N, et al. Evaluation of speech outcomes following treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Cancer Treat Rev. 2009;35:417–424. doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.04.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Shah JP, Gil Z. Current concepts in management of oral cancer—surgery (review) Oral Oncol. 2009;45:394–401. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.05.017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bower WF, Vlantis AC, Chung TM, et al. Mode of treatment affects quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors: implications for holistic care. Acta OtoLaryngol. 2010;130:1185–1192. doi: 10.3109/00016481003667366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Logemann JA. Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders. 2. Austin: Pro-Ed; 1998. [Google Scholar]
- 5.McConnel FM, Cerenko D, Jackson RT, et al. Clinical application of the manofluorogram. Laryngoscope. 1988;98:705–711. doi: 10.1288/00005537-198807000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Bastian RW. Videoendoscopic evaluation of patients with dysphagia: an adjunct to the modified barium swallow. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;104:339–350. doi: 10.1177/019459989110400309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Shaw DW, Williams RB, Cook IJ, et al. Oropharyngeal scintigraphy: a reliable technique for the quantitative evaluation of oral pharyngeal swallowing. Dysphagia. 2004;19:36–42. doi: 10.1007/s00455-003-0033-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Palazzi M, Tomatis S, Orlandi E, et al. Effects of treatment intensification on acute local toxicity during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: prospective observational study validating CTCAE, version 3.0 scoring system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;70:330–337. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Wright EP, Selby PJ, Crawford M, et al. Feasibility and compliance of automated measurement of quality of life in oncology practice. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:374–382. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2003.11.044. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Velikova G, Booth L, Smith AB, et al. Measuring quality of life in routine oncology practice improves communication and patient well-being: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:714–724. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.06.078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Hilarius DL, Kloeg PH, Gundy CM, et al. Use of health-related quality-of-life assessments in daily clinical oncology nursing practice. Cancer. 2008;113:628–637. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.de Bree R, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Keizer AL, et al. Touch screen computer-assisted health-related quality of life and distress data collection in head and neck cancer patients. Clin Otolaryngol. 2008;33:138–142. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2008.01676.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, de Bree R, Keizer AL, et al. Computerized prospective screening for high levels of emotional distress in head and neck cancer patients and referral rate to psychosocial care. Oral Oncol. 2009;45:129–133. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.01.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Fayers PM, Aaronson NK, Bjordal K, et al. The EORTC QLQ-C30 scoring manual. 3. Brussels: EORTC Quality of Life Group; 2001. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Bjordal K, Hammerlid E, Ahlner-Elmqvist M, et al. Quality of life in head and neck cancer patients: validation of the European organization for research and treatment of cancer quality of life questionnaire-H&N35. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1008–1019. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.3.1008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Singer S, Danker H, Dietz A, et al. Screening for mental disorders in laryngeal cancer patients: a comparison of 6 methods. Psychooncology. 2008;17:280–286. doi: 10.1002/pon.1229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Katz MR, Kopek N, Waldron J, et al. Screening for depression in head and neck cancer. Psychooncology. 2004;13:269–280. doi: 10.1002/pon.734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Walker J, Postma K, McHugh GS, et al. Performance of the hospital anxiety and depression scale as a screening tool for major depressive disorder in cancer patients. J Psychosom Res. 2007;63:83–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.01.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Kugaya A, Akechi T, Okuyama T, et al. Prevalence, predictive factors, and screening for psychologic distress in patients with newly diagnosed head and neck cancer. Cancer. 2000;88:2817–2823. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000615)88:12<2817::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-N. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Spinhoven P, Ormel J, Sloekers PP, et al. A validation study of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for different groups of Dutch subjects. Psychol Med. 1997;27:363–370. doi: 10.1017/S0033291796004382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Stenson KM, MacCracken E, List M, et al. Swallowing function in patients with head and neck cancer prior to treatment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126:371–377. doi: 10.1001/archotol.126.3.371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Cartmill B, Cornwell P, Ward E et al (2011) A prospective investigation of swallowing, nutrition, and patient-rated functional impact following altered fractionation radiotherapy with concomitant boost for oropharyngeal cancer. Dysphagia. doi:10.1007/s00455-011-9333-5 [DOI] [PubMed]
- 23.Biazevic MG, Antunes JL, Togni J, et al. Immediate impact of primary surgery on health related quality of life of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66:1343–1350. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2007.07.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Dwivedi RC, St. Rose S, Roe JW, et al. First report on the reliability and validity of speech handicap index in native English-speaking patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2011;33:341–348. doi: 10.1002/hed.21450. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Nguyen N, Sallah S, Karlsson U, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for head and neck malignancies: quality of life issues. Cancer. 2002;94:1131–1141. doi: 10.1002/cncr.10257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Nguyen NP, Frank C, Moltz, et al. Impact of dysphagia on quality of life after treatment of head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:772–778. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.06.017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Connor NP, Cohen SB, Kammer RE, et al. Impact of conventional radiotherapy on health related quality of life and critical functions of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:1051–1062. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.01.054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Eerenstein SE, Van der Linden MH, et al. Distress in spouses and patients after treatment for head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2007;117:238–241. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000250169.10241.58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Teguh DN, Levendag P, Noever I, et al. Treatment techniques and site considerations regarding dysphagia related quality of life in cancer of the oropharynx and nasopharynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72:1119–1127. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.02.061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Langendijk JA, Doornaert P, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, et al. Impact of late treatment-related toxicity on quality of life among patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3770–3776. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.6647. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Infante-Cossio P, Torres-Carranza E, Cayuela A, et al. Impact of treatment on quality of life for oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;38:1052–1058. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.06.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Berry DL, Blumenstein BA, Halpenny B, et al. Enhancing patient-provider communication with the electronic self-report assessment for cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1029–1035. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.3909. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Murphy BA. Advances in quality of life and symptom management for head and neck cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21:242–247. doi: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832a230c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Levendag PC, Teguh DN, Voet P, et al. Dysphagia disorders in patients with cancer of the oropharynx are significantly affected by the radiation therapy dose to the superior and middle constrictor muscle: a dose-effect relationship. Radiother Oncol. 2007;85:64–73. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.07.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Roe JW, Carding PN, Dwivedi RC, et al. Swallowing outcomes following intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head & neck cancer—a systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2010;46:727–733. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.07.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Mittal BB, Pauloski BR, Haraf DJ, et al. Swallowing dysfunction—preventative and rehabilitation strategies in patients with head and neck cancers treated with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy: a critical review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;57:1219–1230. doi: 10.1016/S0360-3016(03)01454-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Nguyen NP, Smith HJ, Sallah S. Evaluation and management of swallowing dysfunction following chemoradiation for head and neck cancer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery. 2007;15:30–133. doi: 10.1097/MOO.0b013e32801da0e8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Pauloski BR. Rehabilitation of dysphagia following head and neck cancer. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2008;19:889–928. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2008.05.010. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Kulbersh BD, Rosenthal EL, McGrew BM, et al. Pretreatment, preoperative exercises may improve dysphagia quality of life. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:883–886. doi: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000217278.96901.fc. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Carroll WR, Locher JL, Canon CL, et al. Pretreatment swallowing exercises improve swallow function after chemoradiation. Laryngoscope. 2008;118:39–43. doi: 10.1097/MLG.0b013e31815659b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Van der Molen L, Van Rossum MA, Burkhead LM et al (2010) A randomized preventive rehabilitation trial in advanced head and neck cancer patients treated with chemoradiotherapy: feasibility, compliance, and short-term effects. Dysphagia. doi:10.1007/s00455-010-9288-y [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 42.Ahlberg A, Engstrom T, Nikolaidis P, et al. Early self-care rehabilitation of head and neck cancer patients. Acta Otolaryngol. 2011;131:552–561. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2010.532157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Rinkel RN, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Van Reij EJ, et al. Speech handicap index in patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer: better understanding of patients' complaints. Head Neck. 2008;30:868–874. doi: 10.1002/hed.20795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Rinkel RN, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Langendijk JA, et al. The psychometric and clinical validity of the SWAL-QOL questionnaire in evaluating swallowing problems experienced by patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45:e67–e71. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.03.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]