Vertebral squaring, or straightening of the anterior border of the vertebral body, is a well-recognized radiographic feature of spondyloarthritis (1). Squaring can be designated as a pathological change when it occurs in vertebrae in which the normal contour of the anterior border is concave. If the normal contour is not concave, it would not be possible to designate squaring as a pathological change. Although lumbar vertebrae typically have a concave anterior border, the radiographic appearance of cervical vertebrae is more heterogeneous. For example, the sagittal projections of C2 and C3 are normally square or trapezoidal. To be able to ascribe squaring as a pathological change in patients with spondyloarthritis, it is necessary to know what proportion of cervical vertebrae naturally has the prerequisite concave anterior border and what proportion are naturally square on radiographs.
We examined lateral cervical spine radiographs of 100 adults without spondyloarthritis who were participants in clinical protocols at the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. All patients provided written informed consent. We first identified all patients who had lateral cervical radiographs between 2002 and 2011 from computerized medical records. After excluding patients with any form of spondyloarthritis and films of suboptimal quality, we randomly selected the films of 50 women and 50 men. Films were read independently by two experienced readers, a rheumatologist (MMW) and a musculoskeletal radiologist (TJL). Each reader scored C3 through C7 for shape (concave or square). As a second method of evaluation, each reader also scored the radiographs for squaring by the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS) (2).
The median age (25th, 75th percentile) of the patients was 53 years (42 years, 60 years). The most common diagnoses were rheumatoid arthritis (35%), osteoarthritis (24%), and neck/arm pain (23%). Inter-reader agreement on vertebral shape was good (pooled kappa = 0.60). The proportion of patients with concave anterior vertebral borders were 0% for C3, 8% for C4, 40% for C5, 46% for C6, and 18% for C7, based on averaged results of the two readers. Results were closely similar between men and women. Scores for squaring of vertebral corners with the mSASSS method provided similar results, although readings differed somewhat between readers (Table 1). Between 4% to 23% of vertebral corners of C5 and C6, and up to 53% and 55% of vertebral corners of C4 and C7, were found to have squaring by this scoring method These results indicate that C4 and C7, in addition to C3, rarely have concave anterior borders normally, and that C5 and C6 are concave in less than one-half of patients. These findings confirm the results of Kim and colleagues, who reported squaring in 44% to 63% of vertebral corners of C4 and C7, and in 2% to 15% of corners of C5 and C6, in a sample of younger healthy subjects (3). The finding that concave anterior borders are commonly present in only in C5 and C6, and here in only a minority of patients, raises questions regarding the face validity of vertebral squaring as a radiographic feature of spondyloarthritis in the cervical spine.
Table 1.
Proportion of patients (N = 100) with squaring by the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Scoring System in cervical vertebrae 3 through 7.
| Vertebral corner | Proportion with squaring | |
|---|---|---|
| Reader 1 | Reader 2 | |
| C4 upper | 20 | 37 |
| C4 lower | 55 | 37 |
| C5 upper | 4 | 9 |
| C5 lower | 16 | 9 |
| C6 upper | 9 | 7 |
| C6 lower | 23 | 7 |
| C7 upper | 43 | 30 |
| C7 lower | 53 | 30 |
Although squaring is most evident as a change at the waist of the vertebral body, in the mSASSS abnormalities are credited to the vertebral corner. The absence of concavity in cervical vertebrae makes it difficult to apply these scoring rules to detect squaring. This uncertainty likely contributed to the variation in scores among readers, and may increase measurement error of the mSASSS (4).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and NIH grant PO-1-052915.
Contributor Information
Michael M. Ward, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Thomas J. Learch, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
Michael H. Weisman, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
References
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