Abstract
The cellular and subcellular distribution of protein I, a major brain phosphoprotein, has been studied in the peripheral nervous system. The levels of protein I in various peripheral nerves and innervated peripheral tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay and radioimmunolabeling of polyacrylamide gels. The results indicated tha protein I is present throughout the peripheral nervous system. Denervation studies of adrenal medulla and iris suggested that the protein I contained in peripheral tissues is localized to the neuronal elements innervating those tissues. Protein I was found to be enriched in neurotransmitter vesicle fractions of peripheral nervous tissue. Moreover, protein I appeared to be transported from cell bodies to axons terminals at least partly in association with neurotransmitter vesicles.
Full text
PDF![2717](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2bf9/346273/0c19a84ce6e9/pnas00447-0298.png)
![2718](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2bf9/346273/3fa341cec53a/pnas00447-0299.png)
![2719](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2bf9/346273/2047cff6aad7/pnas00447-0300.png)
![2720](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2bf9/346273/97ce6ca6e4c4/pnas00447-0301.png)
![2721](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/2bf9/346273/268862ee1458/pnas00447-0302.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adair W. S., Jurivich D., Goodenough U. W. Localization of cellular antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. J Cell Biol. 1978 Oct;79(1):281–285. doi: 10.1083/jcb.79.1.281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benedeczky I., Smith A. D. Ultrastructural studies on the adrenal medulla of golden hamster: origin and fate of secretory granules. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat. 1972;124(3):367–386. doi: 10.1007/BF00355037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bloom F. E., Ueda T., Battenberg E., Greengard P. Immunocytochemical localization, in synapses, of protein I, an endogenous substrate for protein kinases in mammalian brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Nov;76(11):5982–5986. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.11.5982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cragg B. G. The density of synapses and neurones in the motor and visual areas of the cerebral cortex. J Anat. 1967 Sep;101(Pt 4):639–654. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dahlström A. Observations on the accumulation of noradrenaline in the proximal and distal parts of peripheral adrenergic nerves after compression. J Anat. 1965 Oct;99(Pt 4):677–689. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- De Camilli P., Ueda T., Bloom F. E., Battenberg E., Greengard P. Widespread distribution of protein I in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Nov;76(11):5977–5981. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.11.5977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dolphin A. C., Greengard P. Serotonin stimulates phosphorylation of protein I in the facial motor nucleus of rat brain. Nature. 1981 Jan 1;289(5793):76–79. doi: 10.1038/289076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ehinger B., Falck B. Concomitant adrenergic and parasympathetic fibres in the rat iris. Acta Physiol Scand. 1966 Jun;67(2):201–207. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1966.tb03301.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Forn J., Greengard P. Depolarizing agents and cyclic nucleotides regulate the phosphorylation of specific neuronal proteins in rat cerebral cortex slices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Oct;75(10):5195–5199. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.10.5195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fried G., Lagercrantz H., Hökfelt T. Improved isolation of small noradrenergic vesicles from rat seminal ducts following castration. A density gradient centrifugation and morphological study. Neuroscience. 1978;3(12):1271–1291. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90147-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fried G. Small noradrenergic storage vesicles isolated from rat vas deferens--biochemical and morphological characterization. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1980;493:1–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goelz S. E., Nestler E. J., Chehrazi B., Greengard P. Distribution of protein I in mammalian brain as determined by a detergent-based radioimmunoassay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Apr;78(4):2130–2134. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2130. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helle K. B., Serck-Hanssen G. The adrenal medulla: a model for studies of hormonal and neuronal storage and release mechanisms. Mol Cell Biochem. 1975 Feb 28;6(2):127–146. doi: 10.1007/BF01732006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hjemdahl P., Daleskog M., Kahan T. Determination of plasma catecholamines by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: comparison with a radioenzymatic method. Life Sci. 1979 Jul 9;25(2):131–138. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90384-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huttner W. B., Greengard P. Multiple phosphorylation sites in protein I and their differential regulation by cyclic AMP and calcium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):5402–5406. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.5402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kennedy M. B., Greengard P. Two calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, which are highly concentrated in brain, phosphorylate protein I at distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):1293–1297. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.1293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein R. L., Thureson-Klein A. K., Yen S. H., Baggett J. M., Gasparis M. S., Kirksey D. F. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase distribution in density gradients: physiological and artefactual implications. J Neurobiol. 1979 May;10(3):291–307. doi: 10.1002/neu.480100308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krueger B. K., Forn J., Greengard P. Depolarization-induced phosphorylation of specific proteins, mediated by calcium ion influx, in rat brain synaptosomes. J Biol Chem. 1977 Apr 25;252(8):2764–2773. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LOWRY O. H., ROSEBROUGH N. J., FARR A. L., RANDALL R. J. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lagercrantz H. On the composition and function of large dense cored vesicles in sympathetic nerves. Neuroscience. 1976;1(2):81–92. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(76)90002-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Malmfors T., Sachs C. Direct studies on the disappearance of the transmitter and changes in the uptake-storage mechanisms of degenerating adrenergic nerves. Acta Physiol Scand. 1965 Jul;64(3):211–223. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1965.tb04171.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nestler E. J., Greengard P. Dopamine and depolarizing agents regulate the state of phosphorylation of protein I in the mammalian superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7479–7483. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7479. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ostberg A. J., Raisman G., Field P. M., Iversen L. L., Zigmond R. E. A quantitative comparison of the formation of synapses in the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion by its own and by foreign nerve fibres. Brain Res. 1976 May 14;107(3):445–470. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)90137-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thoenen H., Mueller R. A., Axelrod J. Trans-synaptic induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1969 Oct;169(2):249–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ueda T., Greengard P. Adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein system of neuronal membranes. I. Solubilization, purification, and some properties of an endogenous phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem. 1977 Jul 25;252(14):5155–5163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ueda T., Greengard P., Berzins K., Cohen R. S., Blomberg F., Grab D. J., Siekevitz P. Subcellular distribution in cerebral cortex of two proteins phosphorylated by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Cell Biol. 1979 Nov;83(2 Pt 1):308–319. doi: 10.1083/jcb.83.2.308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]