Serum proteomic, peptidomic and metabolomic profiles in myasthenia gravis patients during treatment with Qiangji Jianli Fang

Abstract

Background

Qiangji Jianli Fang (QJF) has been used for treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) in China. However, our understanding of the effects of QJF against MG at the molecular level is limited. This study aims to investigate the effects of QJF treatment of MG patients on the protein, peptide and metabolite levels in serum.

Methods

High-throughput proteomic, peptidomic and metabolomic techniques were applied to investigate serum samples from 21 healthy individuals and 47 MG patients before and after QJF treatment via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography Fourier transform mass spectrometry, respectively.

Results

After QJF treatment, the expression levels of peptides m/z 1865.019, 2021.128 and 1211.668 of complement C3f increased (P = 0.004, P = 0.001 and P = 0.043, respectively), while that of peptide m/z 1739.931 of component C4b decreased (P = 0.043), in the serum of MG patients. The levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (P = 0.000) and coenzyme Q4 (P = 0.000) resumed their normal states.

Conclusion

QJF could inhibit the activity of the complement system and restore the normal levels of metabolites.

Background

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder, with an incidence rate of 3–30/1,000,000 people per year [1]. MG patients can produce autoantibodies, such as anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChRAb) and anti-muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibody (MuSKAb) through their own immune system to prevent muscle contraction, and cause muscle weakness and fatigue [2]. Genetic factors play an important role in MG [3]. In addition, infection with viruses or bacteria, such as poliovirus and Escherichia coli, may be involved in the pathogenesis of MG [4,5]. Anticholinesterase drugs, non-specific immunosuppressants, thymectomy and plasmapheresis are the main therapeutic approaches to MG [6-8]. However, the above treatments have some serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmia, osteoporosis and hypotension, and can not inhibit the relapse of patients’ symptoms and achieve complete remission [9]. Alternative treatments with higher efficacy and fewer side effects are required.

Chinese medicine (CM) has been practiced for many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammation and Parkinson's disease, owing to its long-term efficacy and few side effects [10-14]. The mechanisms of CM immunomodulatory activity have previously been elucidated in several studies, revealing vital roles for immune effector cells, cytokine production and antibody production [15-18].

Qiangji Jianli Fang (QJF) is a CM prescription modified from the Buzhong Yiqi decoction including Radix astragaliRadix codonopsis pilosulaeAtractylodes macrocephalaRadix angelicae sinensisCimicifugae rhizomaRadix bupleuriPericarpium citri reticulatae and Radix glycyrrhizae[19]. Previous investigations have demonstrated that QJF exhibits similar efficiency in MG patients to prednisone, and plays long-term protective roles in MG by decreasing the AchRAb level and changing the expression of serum cytokines with fewer side effects [19-21]. Active components of the herbs in QJF, such as podocarpaside I in Actaea podocarpa and polysaccharide in Angelica acutiloba kitagawa, show characteristic effects on the complement system [22,23]. Herbs such as R. bupleuri and R. glycyrrhizae are beneficial for autoimmune diseases by inhibiting the production of serum autoantibodies and total IgG (Table 1). However, our understanding of the effects of QJF against MG at the molecular level is limited.

Table 1.

Herbal components of QJF and their reported active ingredients with immunomodulatory effects

Herbs	Active ingredients	References
R. astragali	Polysaccharides; flavonoids; saponins	[24-26]
R. codonopsis pilosulae	Polysaccharide	[27,28]
A. macrocephala	Glycoprotein	[29,30]
R. angelicae sinensis	Sulfated polysaccharide	[31]
C. rhizoma	Cycloartane glycosides; cyclolanostane triterpene diglycosides	[32,33]
R. bupleuri	Bupleurum polysaccharides; saikosaponin	[34,35]
Pericarpium citri reticulatae	Synephrine	[36]
R. glycyrrhizae	Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide; liquiritigenin	[37,38]

Increased AChRAb and MuSKAb levels were detected in sera from MG patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays [39]. Abnormal serum cytokine levels were also detected [40-42]. In addition, analyses of blood proteomic, peptidomic and metabolomic profiles have been employed to elucidate the pathological mechanisms of diseases and to evaluate the efficiency of drug treatments [43,44]. Differentially expressed proteins, peptides and metabolites in serum from MG patients have been compared with those in healthy people by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry [45-47]. However, no reports have shown the changes in the serum proteomic, peptidomic and metabolomic patterns after QJF treatment.

In this study, high-throughput proteomic, peptidomic and metabolomic techniques were adopted to elucidate the effects of QJF on MG patients using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), 2-DE and liquid chromatography Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS), respectively.

Methods

Herbs

QJF was produced by the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine from a boiled water extraction of eight herb components as follows: 60 g of R. astragali, 30 g of R. codonopsis pilosulae, 15 g of A. macrocephala, 10 g of R. angelicae sinensis, 10 g of C. rhizoma, 10 g of R. bupleuri, 5 g of P. citri reticulatae and 5 g of R. glycyrrhizae. Compared with the herb levels in the Buzhong Yiqi decoction, QJF contained decreased levels of P. citri reticulatae (5 g vs. 6 g) and R. glycyrrhizae (5 g vs. 9 g R. glycyrrhizae preparata) and increased levels of R. astragali (60 g vs. 18 g), R. codonopsis pilosulae (30 g vs. 6 g Panax ginseng), A. macrocephala (15 g vs. 9 g), R. angelicae sinensis (10 g vs. 3 g), C. rhizoma (10 g vs. 6 g) and R. bupleuri (10 g vs. 6 g). The herbs were purchased from Zhixin Medicine Health Co. Ltd. (China) and identified by the School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, China. For the extraction, the herbs were boiled in four volumes of water for 1 h, and the extraction step was repeated once. The two extracts were mixed together for use.

Participants

This study was approved by Ethics Commitee of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and all participants provided informed consent according to institutional guidelines. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 47 patients (18 males and 29 females; average age: 40 years) diagnosed with MG in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. All MG patients were confirmed by the neostigmine test. According to the Osserman classification [48], 4 patients were class I, 34 patients were class II (17 class IIa; 17 class IIb), 4 patients were class IV and 5 patients were class V. All the patients were treated with QJF orally once per day for 2 months. Peripheral blood samples from 21 healthy individuals (10 males and 11 females; average age: 34 years) were collected as controls.

Preparation of serum samples

Before and after the 2-month treatment, blood samples were collected, allowed to clot at 4 °C overnight and centrifuged at 1,000 × g for 10 min. The sera were collected and frozen in aliquots for storage at −80 °C until analysis.

Albumin/IgG depletion

A Qproteome Albumin/IgG Depletion Kit (Qiagen, USA) was used for depletion of albumin and IgG from the serum samples according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, an aliquot of serum (50 μL) was applied to a depletion spin column and the eluate was collected by centrifugation at 500 × g for 10 s. The samples were desalted by acetone (Merck, Germany) precipitation and resuspended in buffer comprising 7 M urea (GE Healthcare, Sweden), 2 M thiourea (GE Healthcare, UK), 2% (w/v) 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) (USB, Germany) and 1% (w/v) dithiothreitol (USB, Canada). Subsequently, the samples were quantified using a PlusOne™ 2D Quant Kit (GE Healthcare, Sweden) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Two-dimensional gel elctrophoresis

2-DE experiments were performed following the protocol of GE Healthcare Life Science with some modifications. Albumin/IgG-depleted sera (100 μg) were loaded onto immobilized pH strips (pH 3–10) of 13 cm in length. Isoelectric focusing was performed using an Ettan™ IPGphor™ Isoelectric Focusing System (GE Healthcare, Sweden) with a total voltage hours (Vhs) of 38890 Vhs. The IPG strips were sequentially equilibrated in buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.8, 6 M urea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 2% (w/v) SDS, 0.002% (w/v) bromophenol blue) containing dithiothreitol (10 mg/mL) and iodoacetamide (25 mg/mL; GE Healthcare, UK) for 15 min before separation by 11% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The gels were silver-stained and analyzed using ImageMaster™ 2D Platinum ver. 5.0 software (GE Healthcare, Sweden). The experiment was repeated three times. Differentially expressed protein spots (≥ 1.5-fold) were excised. After in-gel digestion with 20 ng/μL trypsin (Promega, USA), the peptides were extracted with 2.5% trifluoroacetic acid (Sigma, Germany) and 80% acetonitrile (ACN) (Merck, Germany) for mass spectrometry.

Peptide capture

Peptides in serum were extracted using Dynabeads RPC 18 (Invitrogen Dynal AS, Norway) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Serum (50 μL) was added to a vial containing 20 μL (0.25 mg) of Dynabeads and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Peptides were eluted with 10 μL of 80% ACN for mass spectrometry.

Mass spectrometry

Peptide solution (1.5 μL) extracted from a 2D gel spot or captured from serum was spotted onto a MALDI target plate, followed by spotting of 0.5 μL of α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid (Sigma, USA). Peptides with the mass range m/z 700–4000 were detected using a 4700 MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, USA) in the reflectron positive-ion mode and accumulated from 2000 laser shots with acceleration of 20 kV. The MS spectra were internally calibrated using porcine trypsin autolytic products (m/z 842.509, 1045.564, 1940.935 and 2211.104). The MS peaks (MH⁺) were detected with a minimum S/N ratio of ≥ 20 and a cluster area S/N threshold of ≥ 25 without smoothing or raw spectrum filtering. Peptide precursor ions corresponding to contaminants, including keratin and the trypsin autolytic products, were excluded with a mass tolerance of ± 0.2 Da. The filtered precursor ions with a defined threshold (S/N ratio ≥ 50) were selected for the MS/MS scan. Fragmentation of precursor ions was performed using the MS/MS 1-kV positive mode with collision-induced dissociation on and argon as the collision gas. MS/MS spectra were accumulated from 3000 laser shots using default calibration with Glu-Fibrinopeptide B (Applied Biosystems, USA). The MS/MS peaks were detected for a minimum S/N ratio of ≥ 3 and a cluster area S/N threshold of ≥ 15 with smoothing.

Metabolomic analysis

Serum was transferred into an Eppendorf tube and diluted three-fold (v/v) with ACN. The mixture was shaken vigorously for 30 s. After centrifugation at 9,600 × g for 10 min at room temperature, the supernatant was analyzed using a Dionex Ultimate 3000 2D Nanoflow LC System (Bruker Daltonics Inc., USA) coupled to an Apex Ultra 7.0 Hybrid Qh-FTMS (Bruker Daltonics Inc., USA) equipped with an electrospray ionization source. An Atlantis T3 3 μm column (2.1 mm i.d. × 150 mm; Waters, USA) was used. The column was maintained at 35 °C. The mobile phases A and B were water with 0.1% formic acid (Sigma, USA) and ACN with 0.1% formic acid, respectively. The gradient duration program was: 0–2 min, 5% B; 2–17 min, 5–95% B; 17–20 min, 95% B; and 20–21 min, 95–5% B. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min. The spectra were acquired over the m/z 50–1000 range in the positive ion mode. The capillary voltage and spray shield were set to 4200 and 3500 V, respectively. The dry gas was set to 6 L/min at a temperature of 200 °C. The neb gas was set to 3 L/min.

Data processing

The MS and MS/MS data acquired by MALDI-TOF MS were loaded into GPS Explorer™ software ver. 3.5 (Applied Biosystems, USA) and searched against the NCBInr human database using the Mascot search engine (Matrix Science, UK) for protein and peptide identification. The following search parameters were used: monoisotopic peptide mass (MH⁺); mass range, 700–4000 Da; one missed cleavage per peptide; enzyme, trypsin (no enzyme was selected for serum peptide data searching); taxonomy, human; pI, 0–14; precursor ion mass tolerance, 50 ppm; MS/MS fragment ion mass tolerance, 0.1 Da; and variable modifications, oxidation for methionine (no modification was selected for serum peptide data searching). Known contaminant ions corresponding to keratin and/or trypsin were excluded from the peak lists before database searching. Protein score was calculated automatically by Mascot search engine based on the comparison of peptide masses and peptide fragment ion masses to amino acid sequences in database. The top ten hits for each protein search were reported. Proteins with MOWSE scores above 70 and at least four matched peptides were accepted as identified. The spectra of the captured serum peptides were imported to Markerview™ software ver. 1.2.0.6 (Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX, USA) using the following spectra processing options: mass tolerance, 50 ppm; minimum required response, 200; and maximum number of peaks, 20000.

LC-FTMS data were exported by Data Analysis ver. 4.0 software (Bruker Daltonics Inc., USA) and analyzed by SIMCA-P ver. 12.0 software (Umetrics AB, Sweden). The data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). The significance of differences was evaluated by Student's t-test using SPSS 13.0 for Windows software (SPSS Inc., USA). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results and discussion

In this study, three approaches were applied to investigate the changes in the serum profiles of MG patients during QJF treatment. The proteomic approach detects serum proteins of > 20 kDa, the peptidomic approach evaluates peptides with a mass range of 700–4000 Da and the metabolomic approach investigates metabolites of < 1000 Da. Although serum proteins, peptides and metabolites can serve as biomarkers to indicate the progression of a diseased state, changes in the processed products, such as peptides and metabolites, can be more complementary to a certain diseased state and drug treatment.

Serum proteomic profiles

Arbitrarily combined serum samples from healthy controls and MG patients before and after QJF treatment were prepared, respectively. Before the proteomic analysis, most of the highly abundant proteins, such as albumin and IgG, were depleted from the serum samples. 2-DE and MALDI-TOF MS were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins in the serum samples from the different groups.

In the 2-DE gels, ten differentially expressed spots were detected in the serum of MG patients compared with the healthy controls (Figure 1). Five proteins were identified in these ten spots through MALDI-TOF MS and NCBI database searches. Among them, α-2-macroglobulin, gelsolin and hemopexin were downregulated (decreases of 2.49-, 1.91- and 2.07-fold with P = 0.002, 0.046 and 0.011, respectively) while haptoglobin and haptoglobin-related protein were upregulated (increases of 1.58- and 2.62-fold with P = 0.062 and 0.005, respectively) in the serum of MG patients compared with healthy controls (Table 2), suggesting immunoreactivity in the MG patients. In the serum of ankylosing spondylitis patients, another autoimmune disease, haptoglobin and its precursor were reported to show significant increases [49,50]. The similar results observed in MG patients in the present study further confirm their roles in the pathological process of autoimmune diseases. α-2-macroglobulin is a carrier protein for hormones and an inhibitor of proteolytic enzyme activities [51], and its decrease induces abnormalities in protease metabolism in MG patients. The decrease in hemopexin in the serum of MG patients may reflect an anemic state during the chronic process [52].

Figure 1.

2-DE gel patterns derived from healthy control and MG patient sera. Aliquots containing 100 μg of albumin/IgG-depleted proteins extracted from the sera of healthy controls (left) and MG patients (right) were subjected to isoelectric focusing (total: 38890 Vhs) using 13-cm strips (pH 3–10). The 2-DE gels were silver-stained. Differentially expressed proteins (> 1.5-fold) were labeled in the gels. The fold changes were calculated from three replicates. The X-axis shows pI 3–10 and the Y-axis shows the molecular weight in kDa.

Table 2.

Differentially expressed proteins in the serum profiles of MG patients

Spot	Protein name	Accession Number (Swiss-Prot)	No. of matched peptides	Protein score	Fold changea	Pvalueb
1	α-2-macroglobulin	P01023	17	207	−2.49	0.002
2	Gelsolin	P06396	10	90	−1.91	0.046
3	Hemopexin	P02790	13	180	−2.07	0.011
4	Haptoglobin	P00738	12	134	1.58	0.062
5	Haptoglobin-related protein	P00739	10	148	2.62	0.005

^a The ratio of the volume percentage (vol %) between MG patient and healthy control.

^bP values were calculated by Student’s t-test.

To evaluate the effects of QJF on MG patients, the serum proteomic profiles of MG patients before and after treatment were compared using the above method. However, no differentially expressed proteins were identified, even in the five proteins listed above, indicating that QJF cannot reverse the expression changes in these proteins.

Serum peptidomic profiles

The serum peptides of all samples were extracted using Dynabeads and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Around 278 peptides within the mass range of m/z 700–4000 were extracted from the raw spectra using the spectra processing options described in the Methods section. Through MarkerView™ ver. 1.2 software analysis, 16 peptides identified as six proteins showed significant decreases (P < 0.05) in MG patients and seven peptides changed their quantities after QJF treatment (P < 0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Differentially expressed peptides in the serum profiles of MG patients before and after QJF treatment

Protein name	Peptide mass	Sequence	Patient (P) vs. healthy control(C)			After (A) vs. Before (B) treatment
			Change	Pvalue	Fold change (C/P)	Change	Pvalue	Fold change (B/A)
Complement C3f	1777.922	SKITHRIHWESASLL	Down	0.000	1.808	-	-	-
	1865.019	SSKITHRIHWESASLL	Down	0.000	2.311	Up	0.004	0.582
	1934.125	SKITHRIHWESASLLR	Down	0.043	1.412	-	-	-
	2021.128	SSKITHRIHWESASLLR	Down	0.000	2.488	Up	0.001	0.364
	1211.668	RIHWESASLL	-	-	-	Up	0.043	0.753
Component C4b	1625.975	NGFKSHALQLNNRQ	Down	0.010	5.421	-	-	-
	1739.931	NGFKSHALQLNNRQI	Down	0.013	2.295	Down	0.043	1.567
Kallidin II	904.682	RPPGFSPF	Down	0.003	1.442	Down	0.000	3.698
α-fibrinogen precursor	905.452	FLAEGGGVR	Down	0.020	2.625	-	-	-
	1020.516	DFLAEGGGVR	Down	0.001	3.435	Up	0.000	0.381
	1077.550	GDFLAEGGGVR	Down	0.001	2.156	-	-	-
	1206.605	EGDFLAEGGGVR	Down	0.023	4.059	-	-	-
	1350.655	SGEGDFLAEGGGVR	Down	0.019	2.284	-	-	-
	1465.701	DSGEGDFLAEGGGVR	Down	0.041	3.008	-	-	-
	2931.280	SSSYSKQFTSSTSYNRGDSTFESKSY	Down	0.006	2.025	-	-	-
	2553.160	SSSYSKQFTSSTSYNRGDSTFES	-	-	-	Down	0.005	1.409
Fibrinoligase	2602.337	AVPPNNSNAAEDDLPTVELQGVVPR	Down	0.043	1.824	-	-	-
Prothrombin	1389.686	TSEYQTFFNPR	Down	0.044	1.675	-	-	-

Note: “-”indicates that the peptide showed no differential expression.

The expression levels of complement C3f peptides, such as m/z 1777.922, 1865.019, 1934.125 and 2021.128, were significantly decreased in MG patients, while the expression of complement C3f peptides m/z 1865.019, 2021.128 and 1211.668 were increased after QJF treatment (Table 3). Complement C3f is the released inactive peptide from component C3 [53], suggesting that QJF could increase the degradation of C3 and alleviate the high level of this complement component in the blood of MG patients.

The complement C3 level is correlated with the clinical severity of AChRAb-positive generalized MG [54]. Suppressed anti-AChR IgG production and deposition of attack complexes at the endplates were found in C3 (−/−) mice, which showed resistance to MG [55]. Therefore, QJF could be beneficial to MG patients via degradation of complement component C3.

Peptide m/z 1739.931 of complement C4b decreased after QJF treatment (Table 3). C4b is a part of C3-convertase and takes part in C3 activation, which influences the production of active C3b [56]. The mechanism of the QJF effect on the immunoreactivity could involve an increase in the degradation of complement C3 and a decrease in the production of the active complement C3 fragment. These findings suggest that inhibition of complement components is a potential therapeutic strategy with high efficacy for autoimmune diseases, including MG [7,57].

Kallidin II was decreased in MG patients (decrease of 1.442-fold compared with healthy controls), and remained decreased even after QJF treatment (decrease of 3.698-fold compared with untreated MG patients) (P = 0.000) (Table 3). Kallidin is a pro-inflammatory kinin peptide that acts as a stimulant for several inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, and is involved in many physiological and pathological processes [58]. Abnormal serum cytokine levels were shown to be related to the pathogenesis of MG [40]. The decrease in kallidin II after QJF treatment may inhibit the stimulation of cytokines and reduce the activity of inflammatory molecules in MG patients.

Peptides belonging to α-fibrinogen precursor, fibrinoligase and prothrombin were also detected in this study. These proteins are involved in blood coagulation. Upon QJF treatment, most of the peptides showed no change, except for the increase in peptide m/z 1020.516 (P = 0.000) and the decrease in peptide m/z 2553.160 (P = 0.005). However, no studies have shown their associations with MG.

Serum metabolomic profiles

In our previous study [47], nine differentially expressed metabolites were identified in the serum of MG patients, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), coenzyme Q4, pipecolic acid, 5,8-tetradecadienoic acid, sphingosine-1-phosphate, bisnorcholic acid, chenodeoxycholylglycine, coprocholic acid and cholylglycine. In the present study, we compared the serum metabolic profiles in MG patients before and after QJF treatment by LC-FTMS. Eight metabolites with significant changes in abundance after QJF treatment were identified (Table 4). The results showed that the GABA level was increased after QJF treatment. GABA has an inhibitory role in autoimmune inflammation, and an inefficient GABA signaling system may result in unchecked proinflammatory cytokine production via the p38 MAPK pathway [59,60]. Therefore, QJF could improve the deficiency status of GABA in the serum of MG patients.

Table 4.

Serum metabolite profiles of MG patients before and after QJF treatment

Metabolite	Formula	± ppma	Peak area (Mean ± SDb)		% Changec	Pvalued
			Before therapy	After therapy
γ-aminobutyric acid	C4H9NO2	−71.7	10.2 ± 0.52	15.80 ± 0.81	54.9	0.000
Coenzyme Q4	C29H42O4	43.1	12.28 ± 3.41	7.89 ± 0.89	−35.7	0.000
Taurallocholic acid	C26H45NO7S	−75.8	0.03 ± 0.17	6.72 ± 5.32	19016.7	0.000
Dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid	C35H69O8P	92.9	0.19 ± 0.38	6.65 ± 2.35	3397.8	0.000
Phytosphingosine	C18H39NO3	−2.3	1.73 ± 1.53	19.11 ± 7.29	1004.8	0.000
5b-Cyprinolsulfate	C27H48O8S	−50.2	0.38 ± 0.61	2.63 ± 2.01	591.9	0.000
Thromboxane B2	C20H34O6	40	1.13 ± 1.45	2.92 ± 1.91	158.3	0.000
Biliverdin IX	C33H34N4O6	3.6	22.71 ± 5.78	6.36 ± 3.54	−71.9	0.000

^aMass differences between the calculated and measured metabolite masses.

^bMean peak areas of metabolites in patients before and after QJF treatment. SD denotes standard deviation.

^cChanges are calculated as the difference in the median concentrations before and after QJF treatment.

^dP values were calculated by Student’s t-test.

Coenzyme Q4 was a detected metabolite with decreased expression after QJF treatment. Coenzyme Q4 is a member of the ubiquinone family. Ubiquinone and ubiquinol have protective effects on serum low-density lipoprotein from lipid peroxidation [61]. Another ubiquinone coenzyme, Q10, exerts anti-inflammatory properties via NF-κB1-dependent gene expression [62]. However, no reports have suggested a function for coenzyme Q4 in serum, and the issue of whether it exerts anti-inflammatory properties requires further investigation.

In addition to the above two metabolites, six other metabolites also changed their quantities following QJF treatment, although no changes were detected in MG patients compared with normal healthy controls. Among these metabolites, phytosphingosine and dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid have anti-inflammatory effects [63,64]. The increased level of thromboxane B2, an inactive product of thromboxane A2, may improve the high coagulation state of MG patients, while the decrease in biliverdin IX indicated less hemoglobin breakdown. Interestingly, increases in taurallocholic acid and 5b-cyprinolsulfate, two bile acids involved in fat processing, were also detected. However, no studies have reported their functions in autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.

Conclusion

QJF could inhibit the activity of the complement system and resume the normal levels of metabolites in MG patients. The findings of the present and previous studies suggest that QJF is an effective drug for treatment of MG.

Abbreviations

QJF, Qiangji Jianli Fang; MG, Myasthenia gravis; AChRAb, Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody; MuSKAb, Anti-muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibody; CM, Chinese medicine; 2-DE, Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; MALDI-TOF MS, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; LC-FTMS, Liquid chromatography Fourier transform mass spectrometry; CHAPS, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate; Vhs, Voltage hours; ACN, Acetonitrile; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

CW, YL, ZC and SN designed the study. CW and YL conducted the experiments and contributed equally to the study. CW, YL, YK and SN wrote the manuscript. ZC, XL, HQ, HZ and JC recruited patients, performed the treatment and collected the samples. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Liang Willmann for English proofreading. This work was supported by a major project of the Chinese National Program for Fundamental Research and Development (973 Program) (2005CB523502) and Hong Kong University Grants Committee Area of Excellence (UGC AoE) Plant and Agricultural Biotechnology Project AoE-B-07/09.