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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1982 Nov;79(22):6767–6771. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6767

Model of the active site in the blue oxidases based on the ceruloplasmin-plastocyanin homology.

L Rydén
PMCID: PMC347214  PMID: 6960349

Abstract

Available sequence information (a total of 650 residues out of about 1,050) of human ceruloplasmin, a blue copper-containing oxidase, has been examined for internal homologies and relationships to other blue proteins. The peptide chain has an evident 3-fold repeat of about 340 residues, and weak evidence for a 6-fold repeat of 170 residues exists. When another method was used to compare the longer sequence with the sequences of small blue proteins, azurins and plastocyanins, a 109-residue-long sequence at the COOH terminus of ceruloplasmin was found to be homologous to the plastocyanins. The alignment obtained was used to construct, on a graphic display, a three-dimensional model of this part of ceruloplasmin by using the coordinates for popular plastocyanin. Deletions and insertions could be accommodated in turns and kinks in the essentially eight-stranded pleated sheet molecule wherein each of the hydrophobic core residues was conserved or conservatively replaced. Eight of the 12 histidine side chains were clustered at or close to the binding site for the blue (type 1) copper. On the assumption that these are copper ligands, a model for the active site of ceruloplasmin containing four copper ions could be constructed in a manner consistent with known spectroscopic and kinetic data. In particular, two of the coppers are close enough (3 A) to form a binuclear center. The positions of the two additional coppers (the fifth and the sixth) in ceruloplasmin are suggested on the basis of the internal homologies.

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Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

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