Abstract
Objective:
The aim of this study was to examine parental knowledge and attitudes about avulsed permanent teeth and their emergency treatment in children.
Methods:
A total of 289 parents of children aged 6–12 years receiving care at the Ondokuz Mayis University Pediatric Dentistry Clinic were included in the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data on parents’ demographic characteristics, previous training in traumatic dental injury and treatment and knowledge of avulsed permanent teeth and their emergency management. Chi-square tests were used to identify differences in responses for different variables.
Results:
More than half of the participating parents were female (69.6%) and between the age of 30–39 years (64.4%). Most (90.7%) reported that they would not replant the avulsed tooth in its socket, and most (68.2%) gave correct answers regarding the optimum time for which an avulsed tooth should be left out of the mouth prior to replantation. However, most parents were not sufficiently informed about the appropriate method for cleaning a dirty avulsed tooth or transporting it to a dentist or doctor. None of the demographic characteristics or training status was found to have a statistically significant effect on the number of correct responses regarding appropriate management of avulsion injuries (P>.05)
Conclusion:
This study revealed that the parental level of knowledge about the emergency treatment of avulsion in children is inadequate and that educational campaigns are necessary to improve proper emergency management of dental avulsion.
Keywords: Avulsion, children, parent, pediatric dentistry
INTRODUCTION
Traumatic dentoalveolar injuries occur frequently in children and adolescents, affecting teeth, their supporting structures and adjacent soft tissues and contributing to major psychosocial and economic problems.1 Various studies conducted among different populations have reported prevalence rates for traumatic dental injuries to be between 4.9%–37%.2–7 One of the most serious traumatic dental injuries is avulsion, in which one or more teeth are completely knocked out of their alveolar sockets.8 Avulsions constitute 0.5%–16% of all traumatic dental injuries to permanent anterior teeth9–10 and most often involves the maxillary central incisor.11 Although avulsion may occur at any age, the most common age for avulsion of permanent dentition is between 8–12 years of age, a time when the loosely structured periodontal ligament surrounding erupting teeth provides only minimal resistance to an extrusive force.8
Prompt and appropriate emergency management is exceedingly important for the best long-term prognosis of teeth affected by avulsion, especially in young children.12 Ideally, an avulsed tooth should be immediately replanted in its socket in order to avoid further damage to the periodontal membrane.8 The prognosis of a replanted tooth depends on the period of time elapsed between trauma and replantation, the type and condition of storage medium, the stage of root formation and the presence of contamination.1 Therefore, it is essential that the lay population, including parents, caretakers and teachers, who are among those most often present when an injury occurs, are aware of the appropriate methods for managing avulsion.13
Although numerous studies have been conducted in different countries to evaluate parental knowledge and attitudes regarding avulsed permanent teeth,1,12,15,16 to the best of our knowledge, few studies have been conducted among Turkish parents.17 Therefore, this study aimed to investigate parental knowledge and attitudes regarding avulsed permanent teeth and their emergency treatment in children in Samsun, Turkey.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 289 parents of children aged 6–12 years receiving care at the Ondokuz Mayis University Pediatric Dentistry Clinic were included in the study.
Participation in the study was voluntary and completely confidential. The study instrument consisted of a questionnaire that was implemented anonymously among parents. The questionnaire was designed to collect data on demographic characteristics (age, sex, educational level and number of children); previous training in traumatic dental injury and treatment; and knowledge of avulsed permanent teeth and their immediate emergency management.
Data collected from the questionnaires was coded and statistical analysis performed using the software SPSS version 13.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Chi-square tests were used to identify differences in responses for different variables, with the level of significance set at P=.05.
RESULTS
Demographic characteristics of respondents are given in Table 1. More than half of participating parents (69.6%, n=201) were female and between age 30–39 years (64.4%, n=186). All respondents had at least one child between the ages of 6–12 years.
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of parents.
| Question | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 88 | 30,4 |
| Female | 201 | 69,6 |
|
| ||
| Age | ||
| Under 20 years | 1 | 0,3 |
| 20–29 years | 30 | 10,4 |
| 30–39 years | 186 | 64,4 |
| 40–49 years | 63 | 21,8 |
| 50 years or older | 9 | 3,1 |
|
| ||
| Education | ||
| None/Primary school | 156 | 54 |
| High school and above | 133 | 46 |
|
| ||
| Number of children | ||
| 1 | 33 | 11,4 |
| 2 | 174 | 60,2 |
| 3 | 65 | 22,5 |
| >3 | 17 | 5,9 |
Responses to questions related to parents’ perceived knowledge and attitudes regarding traumatic dental injuries are given in Table 2. Most parents (74.7%; n=216) reported that they had never received any information about traumatic dental injuries, although 19% (n=55) of parents had obtained knowledge about traumatic dental injuries from a dentist. While the majority of parents (78.2%, n=226) felt they had inadequate information about traumatic dental injuries, 59.5% (n=172) of the respondents said having information about traumatic dental injuries was very important.
Table 2.
Parents’ perceived knowledge and attitudes regarding traumatic dental injuries.
| Question | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Have you ever received any information regarding traumatic dental injuries | ||
| Yes | 106 | 36,6 |
| No | 183 | 63,4 |
|
| ||
| If yes, your primary source of TDI information was: | ||
| First aid course | 5 | 1,7 |
| Dentist | 55 | 19 |
| Family physician | 10 | 3,5 |
| Other health specialist | 9 | 3,1 |
| Friend | 8 | 2,8 |
| Internet | 13 | 4,5 |
| Other | 6 | 2,1 |
|
| ||
| What is your level of information about traumatic dental injuries? | ||
| Adequate | 24 | 8,3 |
| Inadequate | 226 | 78,2 |
| Don’t know | 39 | 13,5 |
|
| ||
| Learning about traumatic dental injuries is: | ||
| Not important | 1 | 0,3 |
| Important | 63 | 21,8 |
| Somewhat important | 53 | 18,3 |
| Very important | 172 | 59,5 |
|
| ||
| Would you like to receive more information in order to properly manage traumatic dental injuries? | ||
| Yes | 279 | 96,5 |
| No | 10 | 3,5 |
Responses to questions related to specific knowledge of emergency management of avulsed tooth injuries are given in Table 3. The vast majority 90.7% (n=262) of the respondents reported that they would not replant an avulsed tooth in its socket. When asked what type of media was best for storing an avulsed tooth until a dental professional could be reached, only 9% (n=26) chose physiological media (sterile saline, milk, saliva), whereas 67.1% (n=194) chose non-physiological media (tap water, ice storage, alcohol, dry storage) and the remaining 23.9% (n=69) of respondents said they did not know which storage media was best. Only 5.9% (n=17) of respondents were able to identify the correct procedure for cleaning an avulsed tooth, whereas 71.6% (n=207) were unable to provide any answer regarding how to clean an avulsed tooth. When asked where they would take their children in the event of a traumatic dental injury, 46.0% (n=133) said the faculty of dentistry. Moreover, most parents (68.2%, n=197) knew the optimal length of time within which to seek professional help for an avulsed tooth. No statistically significant differences were found in the number of correct responses by age, sex, level of educational or number of children.
Table 3.
Parents’ knowledge regarding the immediate emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth.
| Question | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Would you replant an avulsed tooth in its socket? | ||
| Yes | 27 | 9,3 |
| No | 262 | 90,7 |
|
| ||
| How do you clean a dirty avulsed tooth prior to replantation? | ||
| Brush the tooth | 63 | 21,8 |
| Wash it under tap water | 17 | 5,9 |
| Replace it in the alveolar socket or doing nothing | 2 | 0,7 |
| Don’t know/other | 207 | 71,6 |
|
| ||
| Where would you take a child immediately after a dental avulsion? | ||
| Dental office | 22 | 7,6 |
| Dental hospital | 125 | 43,3 |
| Faculty of Dentistry | 133 | 46 |
| Other | 9 | 3,1 |
|
| ||
| When do you think is the best moment to look for professional help? | ||
| Within 30 minutes after avulsion | 197 | 68,2 |
| Within 30–60 minutes after avulsion | 43 | 14,9 |
| Within 1–2 hours after avulsion | 22 | 7,6 |
| After a day(s) when the child felt better | 15 | 5,2 |
| Don’t know | 12 | 4,2 |
|
| ||
| What is the best storage media for an avulsed tooth prior to seeing a dentist? | ||
| Tap water | 39 | 13,5 |
| Ice | 77 | 26,6 |
| Alcohol | 11 | 3,8 |
| Sterile saline | 17 | 5,9 |
| Milk | 5 | 1,7 |
| Saliva | 4 | 1,4 |
| Dry storage | 67 | 23,2 |
| Don’t know | 69 | 23,9 |
DISCUSSION
The prognosis for avulsed teeth is improved by prompt and appropriate treatment, which often depends upon the knowledge of non-professionals present at the site of an accident before professional dental care can be provided.8 Given the many incidents that occur at home and school, parents and schoolteachers present in an emergency situation are fundamental to the provision of appropriate care to the injured child.18 Although numerous studies have been conducted in various countries examining the knowledge levels of parents, caretakers, teachers and other school personnel (nurses, coaches, etc.) regarding correct emergency treatment of tooth avulsion,1,12,15,16,19–21 very few studies in Turkey have examined parental knowledge of the subject. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Turkish parents regarding the emergency management of avulsed permanent teeth in children.
In line with the findings of similar studies conducted in Nigeria20 and Singapore,19 the present study found parents have a low level of knowledge regarding the emergency treatment of tooth avulsion. This can be explained by the fact that most parents had not received any information about traumatic dental injuries. In one positive finding, parents indicated they were unsatisfied with their level of knowledge of dental trauma management and were interested in learning more.
Given that a lack of knowledge about emergency management procedures for avulsed teeth may severely affect the prognosis of an avulsed tooth, there is a clear need for educational campaigns to broaden the lay publics’ knowledge of emergency management procedures for avulsed teeth. As Table 3 shows, very few respondents (9.3%) said they would replant an avulsed tooth in the alveolar socket, which is in line with previous studies.20,21 Few parents were able to identify the appropriate method for cleaning a dirty avulsed tooth prior to replantation, which is also in line with earlier studies.1,22 In the present study, nearly one-quarter of respondents stated that they would scrub a dirty avulsed tooth before replanting it in its socket, which, in fact, is known to severely decrease the chance of successful replantation.
Despite the anxiety involved in seeking emergency care for an injured child, nearly half of the respondents stated that they would bring their child to the Faculty of Dentistry following a traumatic dental injury. This may be explained by parents’ perceptions that an academic setting will provide more highly trained professional staff and more advanced technology than other types of facilities,1 which reflects two basic assumptions, namely, that the faculty of dentistry is prepared to handle this type of patient, and that a specialist will provide better care than a general dentist.23
Studies of clinical outcomes of avulsed teeth have demonstrated that the longer the length of time elapsed between tooth avulsion and replantation, the greater the risk of replacement resorption and inflammatory root resorption.22 Whereas appropriate replantation of an avulsed permanent tooth within 30 min has been shown to have a 90% chance of success,24 only a negligible chance (5%) of long-term retention of an avulsed tooth exists if replantation occurs after 2 h.24 It is encouraging to note that 68.2% (n=197) of the respondents knew that for optimal healing, professional help should be sought within 30 min. of a traumatic incident. Parental knowledge on this subject is comparable to that reported previously by Zhao and Gong.25
The ideal storage medium should be capable of preserving cell vitality, adherence and clonogenic capacity26 and should be readily available at the site of the accident or easily accessible.27 If the tooth is transferred to a liquid medium such as the patient’s own saliva, milk or saline within the first 15 minutes following avulsion, it is likely that some of the cells in the periodontal ligament and cementum will survive and play a role in regeneration.28 In the present study, rather than physiological media, most respondents believed tap water, ice, alcohol, or dry storage to be the best storage medium, and only a few were able to correctly identify sterile saline, milk, or saliva as the best storage medium.
Regardless of the age, education level or other factors, parental knowledge of tooth avulsion management was found to be low. While the important epidemiologic findings from this study may serve as a warning, they also represent a useful source of information for the support of education and prevention strategies and reduction of the overall cost of emergency and rehabilitative treatment.
CONCLUSION
Considering that many traumatic dental injuries occur at home and at school, the participation of parents and schoolteachers in the emergency situation is fundamental to providing appropriate care to the injured child. Within the limitations of the present study, parents were found to have a low level of knowledge regarding procedures to follow in an emergency related to tooth avulsion and replantation. Knowledge of emergency treatment of avulsed teeth should be increased by providing educational and preventive programs.
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