Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Infection and Immunity logoLink to Infection and Immunity
. 1982 Aug;37(2):592–600. doi: 10.1128/iai.37.2.592-600.1982

Lymphocyte-mediated immune cytotoxicity in dogs infected with virulent canine distemper virus.

M J Appel, W R Shek, B A Summers
PMCID: PMC347574  PMID: 7118251

Abstract

Immune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (ILMC) was evaluated in dogs after intranasal exposure to one of the following three virulent strains of canine distemper virus: Cornell A75/17, Ohio R252, and Snyder Hill. Cytotoxicity was tested with peripheral blood lymphocytes as effector cells and primary dog testicle cells that were matched for histocompatibility as target cells. A strong correlation was found between ILMC and the course of the infection. Dogs that succumbed to encephalitis with any of the strains had little or no ILMC, whereas dogs that recovered had the highest activity. In the intermediate range were dogs with a delayed or reduced ILMC which developed persistent but subclinical central nervous system infections. A significant difference in onset, peak, and duration of ILMC was observed in dogs infected with different strains of canine distemper virus. ILMC responses began at 14 days postinfection (p.i.), reached a peak at 21 to 28 days p.i., and returned to preinoculation levels by 63 to 70 days p.i. in canine distemper virus A75/17- and R252-infected dogs. In contrast, ILMC in canine distemper virus Snyder Hill-infected dogs began at 10 days p.i., peaked by 14 to 17 days p.i., and approached preinoculation levels by 28 days p.i. Antiviral immunity as measured by ILMC appears to be a critical factor in determining the outcome in canine distemper virus-infected hosts. Furthermore, for certain viral biotypes, a delayed ILMC response correlated with persistent infection of the central nervous system.

Full text

PDF
592

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ada G. I., Jackson D. C., Blanden R. V., Hla R. T., Bowern N. A. Changes in the surface of virus-induced cells recognized by cytotoxic T cells. I. Minimal requirements for lysis of ectromelia-infected P-815 cells. Scand J Immunol. 1976;5(1-2):23–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1976.tb02988.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Appel M. J., Jones O. R. Use of alveolar macrophages for cultivation of canine distemper virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967 Nov;126(2):571–574. doi: 10.3181/00379727-126-32509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Appel M. J. Pathogenesis of canine distemper. Am J Vet Res. 1969 Jul;30(7):1167–1182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Appel M., Robson D. S. A microneutralization test for canine distemper virus. Am J Vet Res. 1973 Nov;34(11):1459–1463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bubbers J. E., Chen S., Lilly F. Nonrandom inclusion of H-2K and H-2D antigens in Friend virus particles from mice of various strains. J Exp Med. 1978 Feb 1;147(2):340–351. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.2.340. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Doherty P. C., Blanden R. V., Zinkernagel R. M. Specificity of virus-immune effector T cells for H-2K or H-2D compatible interactions: implications for H-antigen diversity. Transplant Rev. 1976;29:89–124. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1976.tb00198.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Doherty P. C., Zinkernagel R. M. T-cell-mediated immunopathology in viral infections. Transplant Rev. 1974;19(0):89–120. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1974.tb00129.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gallatin W. M., Longenecker B. M. Expression of genetic resistance to an oncogenic herpesvirus at the target cell level. Nature. 1979 Aug 16;280(5723):587–589. doi: 10.1038/280587a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gerber J. D., Marron A. E. Cell-mediated immunity and age at vaccination associated with measles inoculation and protection of dogs against canine distemper. Am J Vet Res. 1976 Feb;37(2):133–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ho C. K., Babiuk L. A. Immune mechanisms against canine distemper. I. Identification of K cell against canine distemper virus infected target cells in vitro. Immunology. 1979 May;37(1):231–239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Krakowka S., Cockerell G., Koestner A. Effects of canine distemper virus infection on lymphoid function in vitro and in vivo. Infect Immun. 1975 May;11(5):1069–1078. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.5.1069-1078.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Krakowka S., Higgins R. J., Koestner A. Canine distemper virus: review of structural and functional modulations in lymphoid tissues. Am J Vet Res. 1980 Feb;41(2):284–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Krakowka S., Olsen R., Confer A., Koestner A., McCullough B. Serologic response to canine distemper viral antigens in gnotobiotic dogs infected with canine distemper virus. J Infect Dis. 1975 Oct;132(4):384–392. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.4.384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Krakowka S., Wallace A. L. Lymphocyte-associated immune responses to canine distemper and measles viruses in distemper-infected gnotobiotic dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1979 May;40(5):669–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kreth H. W., ter Meulen V., Eckert G. Demonstration of HLA restricted killer cells in patients with acute measles. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1979 Jan 24;165(4):203–214. doi: 10.1007/BF02152920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. McCullough B., Krakowka S., Koestner A. Experimental canine distemper virus-induced demyelination. Lab Invest. 1974 Sep;31(3):216–222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. McCullough B., Krakowka S., Koestner A., Shadduck J. Demyelinating activity of canine distemper virus isolates in gnotobiotic dogs. J Infect Dis. 1974 Oct;130(4):343–350. doi: 10.1093/infdis/130.4.343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Mollen N., Cannon F. D., Ferrebee J. W., St John D. Lymphocyte typing in allografted beagles. Transplantation. 1968 Nov;6(8):939–940. doi: 10.1097/00007890-196811000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Pfizenmaier K., Trinchieri G., Solter D., Knowles B. B. Mapping of H-2 genes associated with T cell-mediated cytotoxic responses to SV40-tumour-associated specific antigens. Nature. 1978 Aug 17;274(5672):691–693. doi: 10.1038/274691a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Shek W. R., Schultz R. D., Appel M. J. Natural and immune cytolysis of canine distemper virus-infected target cells. Infect Immun. 1980 Jun;28(3):724–734. doi: 10.1128/iai.28.3.724-734.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Summers B. A., Greisen H. A., Appel M. J. Early events in canine distemper demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol. 1979 Apr 12;46(1-2):1–10. doi: 10.1007/BF00684797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Summers B. A., Greisen H. A., Appel M. J. Possible initiation of viral encephalomyelitis in dogs by migrating lymphocytes infected with distemper virus. Lancet. 1978 Jul 22;2(8082):187–189. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91924-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Zinkernagel R. M., Doherty P. C. Major transplantation antigens, viruses, and specificity of surveillance T cells. Contemp Top Immunobiol. 1977;7:179–220. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3054-7_5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Infection and Immunity are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES