Overexpression of lung resistance-related protein and P-glycoprotein and response to induction chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia

Abstract

Lung resistance-related protein (LRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) are associated with multidrug resistance. P-gp overexpression reduces intracellular anticancer drug concentrations and is correlated with low remission rates. However, whether the presence of LRP influences the response to induction chemotherapy remains controversial. Therefore, we investigated the relationship of LRP and P-gp overexpression with the response to induction chemotherapy. Univariate analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between complete remission rates for acute myelogenous leukemia patients depending on their blast cell expressions, between LRP positive versus negative, P-gp positive versus negative, and LRP/P-gp double positive versus other groups. Crude odds ratios (ORs) for complete remission were 0.390, 0.360, and 0.307 for LRP positive, for P-gp positive, and LRP/P-gp double positive patients, respectively. After controlling the confounding variables by stepwise multivariate logistical regression analysis, the presence of LRP/P-gp double positivity and P-gp positivity were found to be independent prognostic factors; adjusted ORs were 0.233 and 0.393, respectively. Furthermore, the monoclonal antibody against LRP significantly increased daunorubicin acumulation (P=0.004) in the nuclei of leukemic blast cells with LRP positivity in more than 10% of the cells. An LRP reversing agent, PAK-104P, was found to increase the daunorubicin content with marginal significance (P=0.060). The present results suggest that not only the presence of P-gp, but also LRP in leukemic blast cells is a risk factor for resistance to induction chemotherapy. Inhibiting LRP function, similar to the inhibition of P-gp function, will be necessary to improve the effectiveness of induction chemotherapy.

Introduction

Although the clinical outcome of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) has improved with advancements in chemotherapy, treatment is still problematic. One of the major challenges for treatment is the resistance of leukemia blast cells to anticancer drugs. The most well-known proteins associated with multidrug resistance to anticancer drugs are P-glycoprotein (P-gp), lung resistance-related protein (LRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein. P-gp overproduction reduces intracellular drug concentrations by binding to the drugs and acting as an adenosine triphosphate-dependent efflux pump.¹ Several studies, including ours, found that P-gp overexpression in AML is correlated with a low remission rate.^2–7 However, whether the presence of LRP influences the response to induction chemotherapy remains controversial.^8–11 Our previous study showed that the co-existence of LRP and P-gp significantly decreases the effectiveness of induction chemotherapy whereas the isolated presence of LRP or P-gp does not.⁷ Scheper et al.¹² identified LRP as a drug resistance-associated protein in a P-gp-negative multidrug-resistant lung carcinoma cell line. LRP is the human major vault protein; vaults are localized in nuclear pore complexes and are involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nuclear pore complexes are multicomponent structures that allow bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic exchanges of molecules and particles.¹³ A decrease in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio of doxorubicin content has been demonstrated in an LRP positive non-small cell lung cancer cell line.¹⁴ No pharmacological study for LRP has been reported. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects that the presence of LRP has on daunorubicin (DNR) content in the nuclei of leukemic blast cells. We also assessed whether LRP and P-gp affect the response to induction chemotherapy in AML patients.

Materials and Methods

Patients

The study cohort was made up of 151 previously untreated AML patients, including 138 patients with de novo AML and 13 patients with overt leukemia transformed from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). All patients provided written informed consent for induction chemotherapy. The leukemic subtypes of de novo AML were determined according to the French-American-British classification as follows:¹⁵ 2, 34, 57, 19, 23, and 3 cases of M0, M1, M2, M4, M5, and M6, respectively. Patient age ranged from 16 to 84 years (mean 49 years). The immunophenotype (CD34 and CD7) of blast cells was examined with a flow cytometer and defined as positive when more than 20% of the blasts were stained. Cytogenetic analysis was performed using the Q-banding method and assessed according to International system for human cytogenetic nomenclature guidelines.¹⁶ Chromosomal abnormalities were classified into three categories according to the report by Slovak et al.¹⁷ The favorable risk category included patients with abnormalities of inv(16)/t(16;16)/del(16q) or (15;17) with any additional abnormalities, or t(8;21) without either a del(9q) or a complex karyotype. The intermediate risk category included patients characterized by +8, -Y, +6, del (12p), or a normal karyotype. The unfavorable risk category was defined by the presence of one or more of -5/del(5q), -7/del(7q), inv(3q), abnormalities 11q, 20q or 21q, del(9q), t(6;9), t(9;22), abnormalities 17p, and a complex karyotype defined as 3 or more abnormalities.

Chemotherapy

For de novo AML patients and patients with overt leukemia transformed from MDS, three regimens were used. Thirty-nine de novo AML patients and 2 patients with overt leukemia transformed from MDS were treated with behenoylcytarabine, DNR, and 6-mercaptopurine according to the Japan Adult Leukemia Study Group (JALSG) AML92 protocol.¹⁸ Ninety-six de novo AML patients and 8 patients with overt leukemia transformed from MDS were treated with idarubicin and arabinosylcytosine according to the JALSG AML95 and MDS protocols.^19–20 The remaining 3 de novo AML patients and 3 patients with overt leukemia transformed from MDS were treated according to the CAG protocol.²¹ The response to treatment was assessed after one course of induction therapy. Complete remission (CR) was defined as the achievement of a morphologically normal marrow, a granulocyte count of 1.5×10³/L or over, and a platelet count of 100×10⁹/L or over. Remission failure was defined according to the classification proposed by Preisler.²² Relapse was defined as the presence of more than 5% blasts in marrow aspirates or development of extra-medullary leukemia in patients with previously documented CR after one course of induction chemotherapy according to National Cancer Institute criteria.²³

Separation of leukemic blast cells

Mononuclear cells were separated through Ficoll-Conray (specific gravity: 1.077) density gradient centrifugation from bone marrow or peripheral blood taken at the initial diagnosis. The leukemic blast cells thus prepared were either used immediately or cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen with 10% dimethylsulphoxide and 50% fetal calf serum (FCS; Intergen, Purchase, NY, USA) until used as previously described.⁷ The presence of more than 80% leukemic blast cells in each sample was confirmed by cytospin preparation.

Detection of lung resistance-related protein and P-glycoprotein expression on leukemic blast cells

The avidin-biotin-glucose oxidase method was carried out on the cytospin preparations. The slides were fixed with paraformaldehyde and incubated with 10% normal rabbit serum (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan) in order to block non-specific reactions, and stained with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against LRP (LRP56, Nichirei) as previously described.⁷ Positivity was classified according to the positive percentage as reported previously: negative (−); less than 10%, positive (+); and more than 10% positive (++).

P-gp expression was detected by indirect immunofluorescence staining by using MRK16 mAb (Kyowa Medix, Tokyo, Japan) as previously reported.⁶ Positivity was classified according to our previous report as follows: less than 20% (−) and more than 20% (+). No difference was observed in the P-gp positivity between fresh and cryopreserved samples.

Isolation of nuclei

Nuclei were isolated as described by Newmeyer et al.²⁴ Leukemic blast cells were suspended in reticulocyte standard buffer (RSB; NaCl 0.01 M, MgCl₂ 0.0015 M, Tris-HCl 0.01 M, pH 7.4) and centrifuged for 5 min at 2000 rpm. The cells were incubated in RSB with 10% Nonidet P40 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and then centrifuged for 1 h at 40,000 g. The nuclei that formed a sediment were resuspended in solution A (sucrose 250 mM, Dithiothreitol 1 mM, 1× buffer A salts, spermidine 0.5 mM, spermine 0.2 mM, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride 1 mM).

Accumulation of [³H] daunorubicin in isolated nuclei

The accumulation of 1 M [³H] DNR (18.5 Ci/mmol; Perkin Elmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA, USA) in isolated nuclei was studied as described by Kitazono et al.²⁵ The isolated nuclei suspended in solution A were incubated with 1 M DNR for 10 min at 37°C in the presence or absence of 100 g/ml mAb LRP56 (Kamiyama Biomedical, Seattle, WA, USA) or 3 M PAK-104P{2-[4-(diphenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl-5-(trans-4,6-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylate P-oxide} as an LRP reversing reagent.²⁶ The PAK-104P was a gift from Dr S. Akiyama (Cancer Research, Kagoshima University, Japan). The nuclei were suspended in aqueous counting scintillant (Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK), and the radioactivity in the nuclei of 1×10⁴ cells was determined by a liquid scintillation counter system (LSC-700; Aloka, Tokyo, Japan).

Statistical analysis

The relationships of LRP and P-gp expression with the response to induction chemotherapy, and with the clinical parameters such as age, subtype (i.e. AML and MDS), WBC count, immunophenotype (i.e. CD34 and CD7), LD, chromosome abnormalities were assessed by the χ² test. The relationship between LRP expression and DNR accumulation in isolated nuclei was evaluated by a two-sided t-test. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Furthermore, we used stepwise multivariate logistical regression analysis to calculate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs and to account for other confounding factors. All statistical analyses were performed by SAS software (Version 9.1.3 (TS1M3), SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

Results

Lung resistance-related protein and P-glycoprotein expression in acute myelogenous leukemia patients

LRP and P-gp expression of in AML patients is summarized in Table 1. The frequency of LRP positivity was 47.7% (72 of 151). There were no significant differences in the expressions of these proteins between de novo AML patients (47.1%, 65 of 138) and patients with overt leukemia transformed from MDS (53.8%, 7 of 13). The overall proportion of P-gp positive samples was 42.4% (64 of 151); this was found to be significantly higher in patients with overt leukemia transformed from MDS (69.2%, 9 of 13) than that in de novo AML patients (39.9%, 55 of 138) (P=0.041). While there were no correlations between LRP and clinical parameters, the expression of P-gp was found to be frequently positive when expression of CD7 or CD34 was positive (CD7, P=0.016; CD34, P=0.006). In addition, P-gp expression was found to be frequently negative when the white blood cell (WBC) count exceeded 50,000 (P=0.014). There was a negative correlation between percentage of P-gp cells and WBC count (r=-0.207, P=0.011).

Table 1. Lung resistance-related protein and P-glycoprotein expression in acute myelogenous leukemia patients.

AML subtype	LRP positive		P-gp positive
	n	%	n	%
M0	0/2	0	1/2	50
M1	16/34	47.1	13/34	38.2
M2	27/57	47.4	29/57	50.9
M4	9/19	47.4	4/19	21.2
M5	12/23	52.2	8/23	34.8
M6	1/3	33.3	0/3	0
Subtotal	65/138	47.1	55/138	39.9
Overt leukemia transformed from MDS	7/13	53.8	9/13	69.2
Total	72/151	47.7	64/151	42.4

AML, acute myelogenous leukemia; LRP, lung resistance-related protein; P-gp, P-glycoprotein; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome.

Lung resistance-related protein and P-glycoprotein overexpression, clinical parameters, and the response to induction chemotherapy

The overall CR rate was 67.5% (102 of 151 patients); the failure rate of induction chemotherapy was 32.5% (49 of 151 patients). Patients were classified according to Preisler's classification:²² 24 patients had hypocellular marrow at any time during chemotherapy (type I), 10 achieved hypocellular marrow but leukemic cells regrew within four weeks (type II), one survived for more than four weeks with hypocellular marrow (type III), 2 died with hypocellular marrow without evidence of residual leukemia (type IV), and 12 patients could not be typed. Of these 49 patients, the leukemic blast cells of 22 (44.9%) were LRP/P-gp double positive. As shown in Table 2, the CR rate of LRP positive patients (56.9%, 41 of 72) was significantly lower than that of LRP negative patients (77.2%, 61 of 79) (P=0.0079). The CR rate of P-gp positive patients (54.7%, 35 of 64) was also significantly lower than that of P-gp negative patients (77.0%, 67 of 87) (P=0.0038). The CR rate of LRP/P-gp double positive patients (38.9%, 14 of 36) was significantly lower than that of other groups (P=0.0005). Univariate logistical regression analysis (Table 2) revealed that the crude ORs for CR were 0.390 (95% CI: 0.193–0.788) for LRP positivity, 0.360 (95% CI: 0.179–0.726) for P-gp positivity, and 0.307 (95% CI: 0.131–0.720) for LRP/P-gp double positivity. After adjusting for the confounding factors using the stepwise multivariate logistical regression analysis, the presence of LRP/P-gp double positivity and P-gp positivity were found to be independent prognostic factors; ORs were 0.233 (95% CI: 0.103–0.529) and 0.393 (95% CI: 0.188–0.820), respectively.

Table 2. Risk factors which affect inferior complete remission rates.

Univariate analysis
	CR rates	χ2	Logistic regression analysis
			Odds ratio	95% CI
LRP+ vs LRP-	56.7% vs 77.2%	0.0079	0.390	0.193–0.788
Pgp+ vs P-gp-	54.5% vs 77.0%	0.0038	0.360	0.179–0.726
LRP+/Pgp+ vs others	38.0% vs 76.5%	0.0005	0.307	0.131–0.72
Chromosomal abn unfavourable vs good + intermediate	33.3% vs 68.8%	0.0296	0.227	0.054–0.954

CI, confidence interval; CR, complete remission; LRP, lung resistance-related protein; P-gp, P-glycoprotein.

Regarding the relationships between the CR rate and various clinical parameters, the CR rate of patients with unfavorable chromosomal abnormalities was significantly lower than that of patients with favorable and intermediate chromosomal abnormalities (33.3% vs 68.8%, P=0.0296). The OR of CR was 0.227 (95% CI: 0.054–0.954) by univariate logistical regression analysis. There were no significant differences with respect to CR regarding other clinical parameters.

Functional assay of lung resistance-related protein expression

Figure 1 shows the differences in DNR accumulation with respect to LRP positivity with and without anti-LRP mAb or PAK-104P. Anti-LRP mAb significantly increased DNR accumulation when the samples were LRP++ (P=0.004). PAK-104P also increased DNR accumulation when the samples were LRP++, with marginal significance (P=0.060). These results indicate that anti-LRP mAb and PAK-104P increase DNR accumulation in leukemic cells that highly express LRP.

Figure 1.

DNR accumulation in isolated nuclei and effects of the addition of (A) anti-LRP mAb and (B) PAK-104P. A) DNR accumulation with the addition of anti-LRP mAb increased significantly when the leukemic blast cells were LRP++ (P=0.004); B) PAK-104P increased DNR accumulation when the samples were LRP++, with marginal significance (P=0.06). Open circles (°) indicate the untreated controls; closed circles (•) indicate the presence of anti-LRP mAb or PAK-104P. Data are expressed as the mean±SD of triplicate results.

Discussion

The LRP gene is located on chromosome 16, proximal to the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene. It encodes a nuclear major vault protein homolog that may disrupt the transport of drugs from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.¹³ In this study, we demonstrated that the addition of an mAb against LRP or PAK-104P increases DNR accumulation in isolated nuclei. DNR accumulation in the nuclei was higher when the cells highly expressed LRP. Our results agree with those of a previous report demonstrating that a polyclonal antibody against LRP in adult T-cell leukemia enhances doxorubicin efflux in isolated nuclei.²⁷ Furthermore, the addition of verapamil is reported to partially restore the doxorubicin nucleus/cytoplasm ratio in non-small cell lung cancer cell line.¹⁴ This indicates that the inhibition of LRP function may lead to an increase in DNR accumulation in nuclei, thus increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. In the present study, we evaluated whether the presence of LRP, P-gp alone or the co-existence of LRP and P-gp in leukemic blast cells influences the response of AML patients to induction chemotherapy. The CR rate was not only significantly lower in LRP/P-gp double positive patients, but also lower in only LRP or P-gp positive patients. Furthermore, multivariate analysis confirmed a significantly lower CR rate in LRP/P-gp double positive patients. Therefore, the presence of both LRP and P-gp may be a sufficiently strong factor for predicting the response to induction chemotherapy. In our previous report, the presence of LRP or P-gp alone was not powerful enough to predict the effectiveness of induction chemotherapy.⁷ Compared to our previous research, a greater number of AML patients were examined in the present study, and analyzed cases were limited to AML, except M3. These different conclusions may be due to differences in patient populations. As for clinical parameters, only chromosomal abnormalities influenced the CR rate.

Conclusions

The present results indicate that the presence of LRP and/or P-gp in leukemic blast cells may be risk factors for resistance to induction chemotherapy. As our data demonstrate that high LRP levels obstruct the transport of DNR into the nucleus, trials inhibiting LRP function, similar to the inhibition of P-gp, are necessary to potentially improve the clinical response.