Prevalence of Rotavirus, Adenovirus, and Astrovirus Infections among Patients with Acute Gastroenteritis in, Northern Iran

Abstract

Background:

The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis associated with diarrheal diseases in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran.

Methods:

A total of 400 symptomatic cases from patients with acute gastroenteritis from Mazandaran Province in Iran were screened using EIA method for the presence of rotavirus, adenovirus and astrovirus during 2005–2006. Chi-square tests were used for testing relationships between different variables.

Results:

Rotavirus, adenovirus and astrovirus were detected in 62%, 2.3%, and 3% of samples, respectively. The maximum rate of rotaviruses was detected in the <1-year-old age group, while minimum rate was found in the 10 years and older age group. Astrovirus and adenovirus were detected predominantly in the 2–5-year-old age group of children, with a prevalence of 8.3% and 3.5% respectively. All studied viral gastroenteritis peaked in the winter, and minimum rate were found in summer.

Conclusion:

Our statistical analyzes indicated that viral gastroenteritis, especially Rota-viral, had the highest number of occurrences in colder seasons notably in winter and more frequently were observed among younger children.

Introduction

It has been shown that acute infectious diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity in infants and young children. This represents a large burden in terms of medical and indirect costs in both developed and developing countries, (1–3). Frequently, poorly cooked clams and oysters from contaminated water, contaminated foods such as salads and cake frosting, as well as, ingestion of contaminated drinking or swimming water results outbreaks of gastroenteritis (4). According to the epidemiological studies, more than 50% of gastroenteritis cases are related to known viruses. In fact, following viral upper respiratory tract illness, viral gastroenteritis has been found to be the second most common viral clinical entity among developed and developing countries (2, 5 and 6). It has been recognized that group A rotaviruses are the major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis (1–7). Furthermore, many studies demonstrated that astroviruses adenovirus types 40 and 41, and human caliciviruses can be detected with prevalence rates ranging from 2.5 to 9%, 3 to 9%, and from 0.2 to 6.6% respectively among young children with gastroenteritis (2, 4, 8).

As previousely reported, rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe childhood diarrhea worldwide (1–9); however, the illness related to rotavirus has also been observed less commonly in older children and adults. Unfortunately, rotaviral gastroenteritis may result in mortality for populations at risk such as infants and the elderly (2, 4).

The ability of adenoviruses to cause acute infection in both the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system, makes them quite important. It has been reported that they cause about 5% of all infectious diseases in infants and nearly 3% in children from 2–4 yr old (10). Other studies revealed that adenovirus types 40 and 41 are the sole adenoviruses that have been found associated with gastroenteritis in infants and young children, and may be the second major causative agent of gastroenteritis after rotaviruses (2, 4).

Astrovirus infection had been shown to occur in small outbreaks and primarily during the winter season of the year (11). Based on some community studies, the prevalence of astrovirus infection was estimated to be between 5 to 17%, while this figure was 2 to 16% among hospitalized children with diarrhea (12, 13). They were associated with 3–12% of diarrhea episodes in developed countries (1, 14). The detection of astrovirus infections was also reported in various developing countries of the world (14–16). Astrovirus infection in adult gastroenteritis has also been reported (14, 17). Although astrovirus infection has been associated with gastroenteritis mostly in children, adults, the elderly and immunocompromised patients (18), it is noteworthy that most surveys had concentrated on infections amongst children because they were thought to be at greater risk (14).

In developing countries such as Iran, only few studies have been reported to determine the incidence of viral-related acute gastroenteritis (2, 19). In countries such as Iran, etiological knowledge of acute diarrhea associated with viral-related pathogens is very important in planning diarrhea disease control strategies, which will be useful for future vaccine development in the region. Therefore, our primary goal was to determine the incidence of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis associated with diarrheal diseases in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. In addition, our secondary goal was to examine the association of incidence of viral gastroenteritis in relationship to age, sex and the season distribution pattern in this population.

Materials and Methods

Samples collection

Fecal samples were collected from 400 patients admitted to Hospitals and Health Centers in Mazandaran Province, Iran, for diarrhea from Jan 2005 to Jan 2006. Specimens were transported to the Virology Laboratory of our department in a sterile specimen cup placed in a cooler and either processed immediately, or stored at −20 °C for processing later. The demographic characteristics of the patient and a clinical history for each patient was collected by a nurse or attending physician, noting the following signs and symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration, fever, and blood or mucus in stool. The majority of samples were belong to young children, while only 15 samples (3.8%) were collected from >10 years old age group. The mean and median ages were 2.9 yr (range, 1 mo to 84 yr; standard deviation, 0.45) and 18 mo, respectively.

Laboratory methods

Stool samples were screened for the presence of Rotaviruses, Astroviruses and Adenovirus by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus detection

Stool samples were processed to detect Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus antigens. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was performed with commercial EIA kits (IDEIA^™ Rotavirus/ Adenovirus/Astrovirus, DakoCytomation, Denmark) according to manufacturer procedures.

Statistical methods

To estimate the relative risk of Acute Gastroenteritis attributable to viruses, we used two-dimensional tables and chi-square or fisher's exact tests. A P-value < 0.05 deemed significant and analysis were preformed with SPSS (Version 11.5).

Results

A total of 400 patients with diarrhea were screened for viral gastroenteritis. Their stool samples were processed for Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus by EIA method. As indicated in Table 1 62% of studied patients were positive for rotaviruses, while astrovirus and adenoviruses were detected only in 3% and 2.3%, respectively. The proportional age distribution of patients with gastroenteritis is depicted in Table 1. Rotaviruses were the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis and occurred most frequently with 66.1% in the <1-yr old age group, while the least common rate of rotavirus infection was 46.7% among 10 yr and older age group. Rotavirus infections were identified in 64% of the male and 58.5% of the female gastroenteritis patients examined. Also as indicated in Table 1, Astrovirus was detected predominantly in the 2–5 yr old age group and the <2 yr old age group of children. In addition, one patient in 5–10 yr old age group gave positive result for Astrovirus. The majority of enteric adenovirus detection occurred in the 2–5 yr old age groups while only a single case was positive for enteric adenovirus in the >10-yr old age group (Table 1).

Table 1:

Distribution of viral agents in acute gastroenteritis patients by age in Mazandaran Province^a

Ageb	Rotavirus		Astrovirus		Adenovirus		NDc		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
<1	82	66.1	2	1.6	0	0	38	30.3	124
1–2	95	65.5	2	1.4	2	1.4	46	31.7	145
2–5	48	57.1	7	8.3	6	7.1	23	27.5	84
5–10	16	50	1	3.1	0	0	15	46.9	32
>10	7	46.7	0	0	1	6.7	7	46.6	15
total	248	62	12	3	9	2.3	129	32.2	400

a- Northen Iran

b- Age in year

c- Not Determined

The major clinical symptoms related to viral gastroenteritis in this study are shown in Table 2. Symptoms associated with rotavirus infection were mainly watery stool, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. All patients with enteric adenovirus infections had symptoms associated with watery stool and abdominal cramps, while vomiting, and fever were not found in all studied cases. All patients with Astrovirus infection displayed symptoms including watery stool, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Table 2:

Distribution of clinical symptoms associated by viral acute gastroenteritis patients (%)

Pathogens	No. of cases	Diarrheic patients with following symptoms (%)
		Watery/loose stool	Vomiting	Abdominal cramp	Fever
Rotavirus	248	99	62	64	56
Astrovirus	12	100	100	100	100
Adenovirus	9	100	67	100	77

The seasonal distribution of viral gastroenteritis in percentage of each pathogen detected is displayed in Table 3. All viral gastroenteritis peaked in the winter with minimum rate in summer.

Table 3:

Distribution of viral agents in acute gastroenteritis patients by season in Mazandaran province^a

Season	Rotavirus		Astrovirus		Adenovirus		NDb		Total
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Spring	12	34.3	0	0	0	0	23	65.7	35
Summer	10	37	1	3.7	1	3.7	15	55.6	27
Autumn	63	62.4	1	1	1	1	36	35.6	101
Winter	163	68.8	10	4.2	7	3	55	23.2	237
total	248	62	12	3	9	2.3	129	32.2	400

a- Northen Iran

b Not Determined

Discussion

Diarrheal diseases are causes of major public health problems in developed and developing countries (1–3). An understanding of the relative contribution of viral gastroenteritis is essential for implementation of appropriate public health measures in controlling these diseases. This study showed that rotaviruses were an important etiologic agent of acute gastroenteritis throughout the year among patients with diarrhea in Mazandaran Province, and were detected in 62% of patients with acute gastroenteritis. Previous studies in developed and developing countries have similarly shown that rotavirus is an important pathogen, responsible for 55% of the gastroenteritis in Australia (20), 79% in Germany (21), 42% in Indonesia (2), 14.1% in Saudi Arabia (22), 32.5% in Northern Jordan (23), 55.9% in China (24) and 61% in France (1). In the present study a 61.1% infection rate was found among children aged <1 yr. This finding is in agreement with previous studies done in Tehran, Iran (19), which showed a 70% rate of rotavirus in diarrheic patients who were 2 yr of age or less. Another study in Bahrain showed that rotavirus was detected most frequently among the age group of 6–11 mon (25). In Central Africa, rotaviruses were found most frequently among children less than 1-year-old (26). No significant difference in the detection rate between male and female patients in the current study was noted. This is in contrast to the findings in China and Bahrain, where the majority of rotavirus infections occurred in males (24, 25). The major clinical symptoms associated with rotavirus infection in this study showed a high percentage associated with watery stool (99%), vomiting (62%), abdominal cramps (64%) and fever (56%). This finding was similar to studies conducted in Indonesia, Thailand and Egypt (27, 28). There was statistical correlation between the detection rate of rotavirus and season in this study; findings indicated that 68.8% of acute gastroenteritis patients in winter were infected by rotavirus. In the other hand, 78% of Rotaviral gastroenteritis incidence was occurred during winter, while only 2% of this infection was found among diarrheal patients in summer. This pattern is usually observed in temperate climate regions and it is not applicable to all climate conditions. However, a study in Egyptian children indicated that most (90%) of rotavirus diarrheal incidences occurred during the warmer months of July–November (27). In another study, it was mentioned that the seasonal nature of rotaviral gastroenteritis was not universal and in countries within 10° of the equator infection occurred year-round (29).

Astroviruses have been increasingly identified as important agents of acute gastroenteritis in children (30–33) and elderly (34). Outbreaks of astrovirus gastroenteritis have been reported for young adults, including military recruits (35), students, teachers (36), and children (37). The present study allowed us to explore the age-related prevalence, the seasonality of infection and the medical significance of astrovirus infection from patients admitted for diarrhea. Our findings reveled that about 3% of acute gastroenteritis patients were infected by Astroviruses and maximum rate (8.3%) of infection was observed among the age group of 2–5 yr, while we never find any astrovirus infection among ≥10-years-old age groups. The prevalence of astrovirus infection in this study was strikingly age-related and primarily occurred among children in the first years of life. In the other hand, according to our results, the proportional distribution of astrovirus infection was as follows: children <1 yr of age 16.7% (2/12); children between 1 and 2 yr old 16.7% (2/12); between 2 and 5 yr old 58.3% (7/12); between 5 and 10yr old 8.3% (1/12) and those older or equal 10 yr 0% (0/12). Indeed, almost 92% of astrovirus infections was occurred among <5 yr old age children. The seasonal pattern of astrovirus incidence documented in our study is consistent with a majority of other studies describe a predilection of astrovirus for winter or the rainy season in populations living also in temperate regions (38, 39). However, reports exist which describe higher astrovirus prevalence during spring and summer months than during the cold months of the year (40–42). The reason of the different seasonal astrovirus pattern is unclear.

Enteric adenoviruses were found in 9/400 (2.3%) patients with acute diarrhea. Previous studies in developing countries such as in China, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Indonesia showed that enteric adenovirus was found in 2.5%, 5.3%, 3% and 4% of diarrheal patients respectively (2, 22, 24, 43). The fact that enteric adenoviruses produced symptoms that were milder than symptoms in patients with rotavirus infection may have resulted in under-reporting, in that the number of children with adenovirus infections seeking hospital attention may have been few in number. In the present study, the majority of enteric adenovirus infections were detected in children from 0 to 5 yr old. This finding is in agreement with a study conducted in Saudi Arabia (22). Enteric adenovirus infection in this study appeared to have notable seasonal distribution; in which 7 out of 9 (77.8%) adenoviral gastroenteritis were found in winter.

The incidence of enteric viral pathogens among patients with gastroenteritis in Mazandaran Province, Iran, is estimated in this study. Data from this study show that for acute gastroenteritis, 67.3% were associated with infection with studied enteric viruses. Knowledge of the etiology of acute diarrhea associated mainly with viral pathogens is relevant for planning diarrhea disease control strategies in Iran, which will be useful for future vaccine development in the region.

Ethical Consideration

All Ethical issues (such as informed consent, conflict of interest, plagiarism, misconduct, co-authorship, double submission, etc) have been considered carefully.