Table 2.
Individual-level characteristics by low, medium and high urbanisation level
| Characteristic | Sex | Low urbanisationa n = 2,571 | Medium urbanisationa n = 2,588 | High urbanisationa n = 2,582 | p value for ANOVA/χ2 test within sexb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SE) | Male | 50.5 (0.4) | 50.3 (0.4) | 52.1 (0.4) | 0.005 |
| Female | 50.4 (0.4) | 50.3 (0.4) | 52.4 (0.4) | <0.001 | |
| Diabetesc,d, % (SE) | Male | 5.8 (0.7) | 8.8 (0.8) | 11.7 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Female | 4.5 (0.6) | 6.5 (0.7) | 9.1 (0.8) | 0.001 | |
| Overweight (WHO criterion [BMI 25–30 kg/m2]), % (SE) [15] | Male | 21.0 (1.2) | 27.8 (1.3) | 28.6 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Female | 23.9 (1.2) | 26.7 (1.2) | 25.9 (1.2) | 0.21 | |
| Obese (WHO criterion [BMI ≥30 kg/m2]), % (SE) [15] | Male | 2.8 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.6) | 0.03 |
| Female | 4.2 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.5) | 0.64 | |
| Overweight (Chinese criterion [BMI 24–28 kg/m2]), % (SE) [14] | Male | 27.1 (1.3) | 32.9 (1.4) | 36.0 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Female | 28.9 (1.2) | 29.5 (1.2) | 29.2 (1.2) | 0.93 | |
| Obese (Chinese criterion [BMI ≥28 kg/m2]), % (SE) [14] | Male | 5.9 (0.7) | 9.5 (0.8) | 10.8 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Female | 10.0 (0.8) | 11.0 (0.8) | 10.4 (0.8) | 0.69 |
aUrbanisation level based on tertiles of urbanisation index (range 30.4–106.6) representing low (<59.0), medium (59.0–82.2) and high (≥82.3) levels of urbanisation
bStatistical testing across urbanisation level using ANOVA for continuous outcomes and χ2 test for categorical outcomes
cDiabetes defined as a FBG ≥7.0 mmol/l or doctor diagnosis of diabetes
dDiabetes prevalence differed by sex (p = 0.001, χ2 test), with a higher mean diabetes prevalence in men (8.7% [SE 0.5]) vs women (6.7% [0.4]) across all levels of urbanisation.