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. 2012 Nov;12(11):1055–1068. doi: 10.1089/ast.2012.0857

SCHEME 2.

SCHEME 2.

The stepwise extant biosynthetic formation of tetrapyrrole macrocycles is accompanied by a steady increase in hydrophobicity (top). An all-at-once tandem combinatorial (non-enzymic) process affords macrocycles encompassing the entire range of polarity (bottom). Each porphyrinogen can be oxidized to give the corresponding porphyrin (not shown).