Abstract
Purpose
To demonstrate a case illustrating meridional lenticular astigmatism as a result of renal cell carcinoma uveal metastases.
Methods
Case report with images.
Results
Clinical findings and diagnostic testing of a patient with acquired meridional lenticular astigmatism are described. The refraction revealed best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20–1 OD (−2.50 + 0.25 × 090) and 20/50 OS (−8.25 + 3.25 × 075). Bilateral concurrent renal cell carcinoma metastases to the choroid and ciliary body are demonstrated by utilizing ultrasonography, ultrawidefield fluorescein angiography, and unique spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.
Conclusions
Metastatic disease should be included in the differential of acquired astigmatism. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, ultrawidefield fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography have roles in delineating choroidal metastases.
Keywords: astigmatism, metastasis, optical coherence tomography, renal cell carcinoma
Introduction
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a common malignant renal tumor, often metastasizes to the lung, bones, liver, and brain, and rarely to the eye.1 Common sites of intraocular metastasis within the eye include the choroid, iris, and ciliary body.2 We report an unusual case of meridional lenticular astigmatism with bilateral concurrent RCC metastases to the choroid and ciliary body, and describe spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), ultrawidefield fluorescein angiography, and ultrasonography findings in the evaluation of the tumor.
Case description
A 63-year-old African American male presented with blurred vision of 6 months duration in his left eye. His medical history was significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and RCC. He was on renal dialysis secondary to chronic renal insufficiency, a consequence of nephrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation for his RCC. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20–1 OD (−2.50 + 0.25 × 090) and 20/50 OS (−8.25 + 3.25 × 075). Keratometry measured 45@89/44.5@179 OD and 45@18/45@108 OS. Corneal topography was normal. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed few keratic precipitates for OS, mild 1+ nuclear sclerotic cataract, and a lesion posterior to the lens (Figure 1). Gonioscopy revealed 3 clock hours of angle crowding temporally, which was confirmed on anterior segment OCT (Slit-lamp OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Fundoscopy of the right eye revealed a hypopigmented elevated lesion at the inferior disc margin (4.5 mm × 4 mm). Fundoscopy of the left eye revealed an elevated circumscribed lesion anterior to the equator encroaching on the ciliary body, with crowding of the angle at the 9 o’clock meridian.
Figure 1.
Slit-lamp findings demonstrate keratic precipitates in the left eye, 1+ nuclear sclerotic cataract, and a ciliary body lesion.
Note: Crowding of the temporal angle was apparent.
The right peripapillary lesion measured 7.06 mm × 7.10 mm × 3.06 mm on ultrasound. A second mass located nasally measured 5.53 mm × 6.06 mm × 2.33 mm. Fluorescein angiography revealed few scattered microaneurysms, with mild focal leakage and staining that extended over the disc in the right eye. SD-OCT of the right eye demonstrated a peripapillary lesion with a dome-like elevated retina, areas of thickened nerve fiber layer, subretinal fluid, and retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia (Figure 2) (Spectralis HRA + OCT, Heidelberg Engineering).
Figure 2.
Fluorescein angiogram and corresponding spectral-domain optical coherence tomography image of peripapillary renal cell carcinoma metastasis of the right eye.
The left ciliary body lesion measured 6.06 mm × 5.53 mm × 2.23 mm by ultrasonography. Wide-angle angiography (with Staurenghi 230 SLO retina lens, Spectralis HRA + OCT) revealed an irregularly staining hyperfluorescent lesion anterior to the equator in the temporal region (Figure 3). The anterior edge of the mass crowded the angle and induced lenticular astigmatism (−8.25 + 3.25 × 075). An ultrasound showed a “mass with medium to high internal reflectivity.” The patient was offered orbital radiation to alleviate the metastasis but declined.
Figure 3.
Ultrawidefield angiography of the left eye demonstrates irregularly staining hyperfluorescent lesion anterior to the equator in the temporal region.
Comment
RCC, the most common renal neoplasm, often metastasizes through lymphatic and venous routes to the lung parenchyma (50%–60%), bone (30%–40%), liver (30%–40%), and brain (5%).3
Ocular metastasis from primary RCC is extremely rare.1 To date, only 34 cases of uveal metastases were reported; only two were bilateral and none was concurrent.2,4,5
Bilateral simultaneous uveal involvement and associated anterior meridional lenticular astigmatism make our case unique. Ciliary body metastasis induced a myopic shift and meridional lenticular displacement (refractive error from −2.50 sphere to −8.25 + 3.25 × 075 in 12 months). This astigmatism, not explained by keratometry, indicates that the ciliary body mass is causing tilting of the lens and induced astigmatism. Clinicians discovering new astigmatism and myopic changes should consider occult metastasis in their differential diagnosis.
Ultrawidefield fluorescein angiography detailed the far peripheral lesion in our patient’s left eye. The lesion had irregular hyperfluorescent staining and was located anterior to the equator in the temporal region.
SD-OCT may offer an important method of following choroidal metastasis compared with traditional B-scan ultrasonography and previous-generation OCT as the resolution continues to improve. Time-domain OCT of different choroidal metastasis revealed retinal and retinal pigment epithelial changes with overlying subretinal fluid.6 The high quality of SD-OCT scans demonstrates the lesion’s position relative to the optic nerve, dome shape, size, and associated subretinal fluid.
Conclusion
We report a unique case of simultaneous bilateral uveal metastases of RCC with a concurrent ciliary body metastasis that induced myopic shift and meridional astigmatism from displacement of the crystalline lens.
Footnotes
Disclosure
None of the authors has a conflict of interest with the submission. No financial support was received for this submission.
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