Abstract
Background
Silicone oil, as a major component in conditioner, is beneficial in the moisture preservation and lubrication of hair. However, it is difficult for silicone oil to directly absorb on the hair surface because of its hydrophobicity. Stable nanoemulsions containing silicone oil may present as a potential solution to this problem.
Methods
Silicone oil nanoemulsions were prepared using the oil-in-water method with nonionic surfactants. Emulsion particle size and distribution were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The kinetic stability of this nanoemulsion system was investigated under accelerated stability tests and long-term storage. The effect of silicone oil deposition on hair was examined by analyzing the element of hair after treatment of silicone oil nanoemulsions.
Results
Nonionic surfactants such as Span 80 and Tween 80 are suitable emulsifiers to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsions that are both thermodynamically stable and can enhance the absorption of silicone oil on hair surface.
Conclusion
The silicone oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing nonionic surfactants present as a promising solution to improve the silicone oil deposition on the hair surface for hair care applications.
Keywords: silicone oil, nanoemulsion, stability, moisture preservation, lubrication
Introduction
Today’s shampoo formulations go beyond the stage of pure cleansing of the hair. Additional benefits are expected, eg, conditioning, smoothing of the hair surface, improvement of compatibility, and lather creaminess. However, it is challenging to efficiently integrate both cleansing and conditioning functions into one shampoo formulation, because silicone oil, as a major component of general hair conditioner, is easily cleared away from the hair with accompanying greasy dirt during washing with shampoo. Procter and Gamble ([P&G] Shanghai, China) has successfully solved this problem through exploring the interaction of cationic and anionic surfactants to achieve the deposition of silicone oil on hair. As yet, there are no other methods to overcome this issue.1–11
Hair fibers have a structure consisting of several layers. From the outside, they are the cuticle layer, hydrolipid emulsion layer, cortex layer, and medulla layer.1,2 The cuticle is composed of several layers of flat and thin cells laid out and overlapping one another like roof shingles. These hair scales are opened by hot water or alkali. The cortex layer contains keratin bundles in cell structures that are roughly rod-like. There is a continuous emulsion-like layer called the hydrolipid emulsion layer, which is between the cuticle and cortex layers and maintains the water in hair. Its permeability enables both the absorption of external water and the preservation of internal water. In addition, it can also improve the elasticity of hair and prevent the shedding of cuticles.12–15
During washing, the hair scales are opened, leading to the exposure of the internal hydrolipid emulsion layer and cortex layer, which renders the hair hydrophilic. However, the scalp and silicone oil are both hydrophobic, making silicone oil prone to accumulate on the scalp instead of on hair. To solve this problem, we have developed an oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulation using nonionic surfactant to deliver the silicone oil on the hair surface. Nanoemulsion is an oil-in-water dispersion system consisting of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant.16–19 The particle size of the dispersed phase is in the range of 100–700 nm. It is advantageous to prepare shampoos with this system because, firstly, nanoemulsion is a self-assembled thermodynamically stable system; thus, it can be easily produced, delivered, and preserved. Furthermore, it can be rapidly diffused into hair due to its small particle size. Last but not least, it can effectively combine both washing and hair care into one procedure, which saves time and effort.
For the choice of surfactants, the cationic surfactants are ruled out, as they are not typically used in shampoos, and the combination of cationic and anionic surfactants would cause the instability of emulsion. On the other hand, the anionic surfactants are not suitable either, because the same kind of surfactants in one shampoo would increase the repulsive force, which would make it difficult for silicone oil to stay on hair fibers.16–19 Therefore, the nonionic surfactants Span 80 and Tween 80 (Guangzhou Hanglian Chemical Industry Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China) were chosen and combined to form a surfactant with a hydrophile-lipophile balance value close to that of the hydrolipid emulsion layer of hair.12–21 This property makes it a very desirable emulsifier to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsion, because of its capability of fusing well with the hydrolipid emulsion layer to make hair glossier and healthier.
In this study, the preparation, characterization, and stability of the silicone oil-in-water nanoemulsion system is presented, and the effect of this system on improving silicone oil deposition on the hair surface is also discussed.
Materials and methods
Preparation of silicone oil nanoemulsion
Span 80, Tween 80, and n-butanol were first mixed by vortex to form an emulsifier phase, followed by adding dimethyl silicone oil as an oil phase, and mixing to make a uniform phase. Then, water was dropped into the mixture and stirred continuously. The change of the morphology of mixture was recorded. In addition, the three-phase diagram was described according to the compositions of the emulsion mixture.
Measurement of particle sizes and zeta potential
The mean droplet size, droplet size distribution, and zeta potential of freshly prepared nanoemulsions and nanoemulsions added into model shampoos and stored for different durations were measured by a laser particle analyzer (Mastersizer 2000, Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, UK).
Accelerating stability test for nanoemulsion
In order to speed up the reactions to meet the requirements of products’ shelf-lives, an accelerating stability test was performed by centrifuging 4 mL of the silicone oil nanoemulsion at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes in a 5 mL centrifugal tube.14,15
Cortex silicone elementary analysis
Hair was immersed in silicone oil nanoemulsions and then measured by identification of peaks in an X-ray analysis system (EDS 2100) using a scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) The accelerating voltage was set at 25 kV, the take-off angle was 25°, and the counting time was 60–100 live seconds. The samples were first impregnated with epoxy, followed by hardening and polishing using standard techniques for studying the cross-section.
Results and discussion
Schematic diagram of emulsion absorption by hydrolipid emulsion layer of hair
Figure 1 shows the structure of hair and the mechanism of nanoemulsion absorption to hair by hydrolipid emulsion layer. The similarity between properties (eg, hydrophile-lipophile balance) of nanoemulsion and the hydrolipid emulsion layer facilitated the absorption of nanoemulsion into hair.
Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of the process of nanoemulsion absorption to the hydrolipid emulsion layer of hair. (A) The internal structure of hair. (B) Nanoemulsion absorption to the hydrolipid emulsion layer of hair.
Abbreviation: HSL, Hydroxylated soybean lecithin.
Pseudo three-phase diagram of nanoemulsion
A pseudo three-phase diagram of nanoemulsion composed of water, silicone oil, and emulsifier was developed (Figure 2). The emulsifier was a mixture of Span 80 and Tween 80, and the auxiliary emulsifier was n-butanol. The red region represents the homogeneous phase consisting of water, silicone oil, and emulsifier, which also stands for the condition of formed emulsion. For example, the composition of 0.675 g Span 80, 0.675 g Tween 80, 0.45 g n-butanol, 0.2 g dimethyl silicone oil, and 1.5 g water is one of the optimal compositions of nanoemulsion, determined by observing the change of turbidity of the mixture (Table 1).
Figure 2.
Pseudo three-phase diagram of nanoemulsion consisting of a water phase, an oil phase, and an emulsifier phase.
Table 1.
The composition of selected oil-in-water nanoemulsion formulations
| Formulation | No 1 | No 2 | No 3 | No 4 | No 5 | No 6 | No 7 | No 8 | No 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dimethyl silicone oil (g) | 0.171 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
| n-butanol (g) | 0.464 | 0.45 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
| Span 80 (g) | 0.6825 | 0.675 | 0.6 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.225 | 0.15 | 0.075 |
| Tween 80 (g) | 0.6825 | 0.675 | 0.6 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.3 | 0.225 | 0.15 | 0.075 |
| Water (g) | 1.4–1.65 | 1.4–1.6 | 1.15–1.4 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.96 | 0.65 |
Particle size and distribution of nanoemulsion
The size and size distribution of nanoemulsion were determined using a laser particle analyzer (Mastersizer 2000; Malvern Instruments Ltd). As illustrated in Figure 3, the size distribution of nanoemulsion has two peaks: from 20 nm to 50 nm and from 100 nm to 700 nm. However, the mean droplet size of nanoemulsions was found in the range of 100–705 nm.
Figure 3.
The size distribution of nanoemulsion droplets.
Stability of silicone oil nanoemulsion
Unlike microemulsions that eventually produce phase separation, nanoemulsions formed at a particular concentration of oil, water, and surfactant are thermodynamically and physically stable systems. The formulations were tested for kinetic stability by centrifugation, and only the formulations that exhibited no phase separation or inversion, cracking, creaming, or coalescence upon these stress tests were selected for further storage stability studies. As can be seen in Figure 4, the nanoemulsions did not experience any physical changes after accelerated stability tests or storage, suggesting that they are suitable for delivering silicone oil on the hair surface.
Figure 4.
Optical microscope images of nanoemulsion. (A) The original nanoemulsion. (B) After centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. (C) After incubation at 40°C for 30 days.
Notes: Particle size (nm): 300 ± 100, 310 ± 110, and 315 ± 113. Zeta potential: −17.6 ± 4.3 mV, −16.6 ± 6.2 mV, and −16.2 ± 6.5 mV.
The effect of size of nanoemulsion on its kinetic stability was also studied in terms of the changes in particle size and zeta potential. As shown in Table 2, the nanoemulsion stability enhanced as the nanoemulsion size decreased. This was possibly due to the increased zeta potential (Table 2) and viscosity as the nanoemulsion size dropped, impeding the coalescence of emulsion droplets.12–21
Table 2.
Average particle size and zeta potential of emulsion (n = 3)
| Particle size (nm) (w/o incubation at 40°C for 30 days) | Zeta potential (w/o incubation at 40°C for 30 days) | Particle size (nm) (after incubation at 40°C for 30 days) | Zeta potential (after incubation at 40°C for 30 days) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4000 ± 463 | −5.7 ± 2.1 mV | 6310 ± 1063 | −3.7 ± 2.1 mV |
| 2000 ± 204 | −6.3 ± 2.3 mV | 3220 ± 504 | −5.3 ± 2.3 mV |
| 300 ± 100 | −17.6 ± 4.3 mV | 315 ± 113 | −16.2 ± 6.5 mV |
Deposition of silicone oil on hair
The deposition of silicone oil on hair following the treatment of nanoemulsion was investigated and compared with control groups by analyzing the elements in the hair (Figure 5 and Table 3). It was found that the deposition of silicone oil on hair was greatly enhanced by administering the nanoemulsion-containing shampoo. Moreover, as the nanoemulsion size decreased, the absorbed amount of nanodroplets on hairs increased because the sum of the nanoemulsions’ weight fractions did not change. This can be explained by the fact that the smaller the nanoemulsion droplets the higher the interactions between them, leading to higher viscosity in the nanoemulsion and better silicone oil deposition. The results from the study on the effect of storage time and temperature on silicone oil deposition revealed that the amount of silicone absorption to the surface of hair did not change with the time and temperature, compared with the decreased absorption in control groups (Table 4). This could be caused by the instability of control group shampoos, which likely experienced phase separation during the extended storage duration and elevated storage temperature.12–21
Figure 5.
Element analysis of hair using the nanoemulsion. (A) Hair without treatment. (B) Hair with treatment of shampoos. (C) Hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (4.0 μm). (D) Hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (2.0 μm). (E) Hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (0.3 μm).
Table 3.
Deposition of silicone oil on hair
| Element | Ratio (weight %) of hair without treatment | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of shampoos | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (4 μm) | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (2 μm) | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (0.3 μm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon | 50.72 | 51.93 | 51.92 | 51.90 | 54.00 |
| Nitrogen | 19.99 | 18.95 | 18.96 | 18.96 | 17.56 |
| Oxygen | 26.72 | 26.54 | 26.54 | 26.53 | 25.16 |
| Silicone | NA | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.82 |
Table 4.
Effect of storage duration and temperature on silicone oil deposition on hair
| Element | Ratio (weight %) of hair without treatment | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of shampoos (after 40 days at room temperature) | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of shampoos (incubation at 40°C for 40 days) | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (0.3 μm) (at room temperature after 40 days) | Ratio (weight %) of hair with treatment of nanoemulsion (0.3 μm) (incubation at 40°C for 40 days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon | 50.72 | 51.94 | 51.95 | 54.00 | 54.01 |
| Nitrogen | 19.99 | 18.97 | 18.94 | 17.57 | 17.56 |
| Oxygen | 26.72 | 26.55 | 26.55 | 25.16 | 25.16 |
| Silicone | NA | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
Conclusion
In this study, thermodynamically stable nanoemulsions were successfully prepared and displayed improved silicone oil deposition on hair surface compared with traditional shampoos. The enhanced silicone oil deposition depends highly on the size of nanoemulsions.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Projects of National Science Foundation of China (Nos 81071025 and 81171203) and Projects of the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology, China (Nos 11nm0503300, 11410708900, and 12XD1403800).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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