Anesthetic experience of a patient with relapsing polychondritis -A case report-

Abstract

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disease characterized by progressive inflammation and destruction of cartilaginous structures such as ears, nose, and tracheolaryngeal structures. As a result, tracheolaryngeal involvement makes anesthetic management a challenge. Anesthetic management of a patient with relapsing polychondritis may encounter airway problems caused by severe tracheal stenosis. We present the case of a 60-year-old woman with relapsing polychondritis who underwent wedge resection of the stomach under epidural analgesia. Thoracic epidural blockade of the T4-10 dermatome was achieved by epidural injection of 7 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine and 50 µg of fentanyl. The patient was tolerable during the operation. We suggest that epidural analgesia may be an alternative to general anesthesia for patients with relapsing polychondritis undergoing upper abdominal surgery.

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disorder of uncertain etiology. It is characterized by recurrent inflammation and progressive destruction of cartilaginous structures [1,2]. Ears, nose, and tracheolaryngeal support structures are frequently involved. Recurrent inflammation of the tracheobronchial structure can lead to airway stricture and deformity, by which respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea and orthopnea may occur. Due to these problems, the appropriate airway management thereof is a significant challenge to anesthesiologists. We present a recent case and discuss the anesthetic management of a patient with relapsing polychondritis.

Case Report

A 60-year-old Asian woman, weighing 48 kg with a height of 147 cm, was scheduled for laparoscopic wedge resection of the stomach due to a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). She had suffered from relapsing polychondritis for fifteen years and had been controlled with steroid therapy. She had hoarseness for fourteen years. Recently she presented aggravated dyspnea on exertion and had difficulty lying on her back because of orthopnea for a few of months. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) and FEV₁/FVC were 2.23 L (94% of predicted), 0.69 L (40% of predicted), and 31%, respectively. Her flow-volume loop showed severe airway obstruction (Fig. 1). A radiographic lateral view of the neck showed subglottic tracheal stenosis (Fig. 2). A computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck also showed narrowing of the trachea at C5-6 level (approximately 5.75 mm in maximal diameter) (Fig. 3). An arterial blood gas test showed a pH 7.41, PaCO₂ 37 mmHg, PaO₂ 69 mmHg, SaO₂ 94%, and HCO₃^- 24 mEq/L in room air. Other laboratory findings were in the normal range.

Fig. 1.

Preoperative pulmonary function test shows severe obstructive respiratory pattern.

Fig. 2.

Radiographic lateral view of the neck shows remarkable tracheal stenosis (6 mm in narrowest diameter).

Fig. 3.

Computed tomography (CT) demonstrates expansion with fragmentation of laryngeal cartilages and diffuse wall thickening with narrowing of trachea (approximately 5.75 mm in narrowest diameter).

Owing to potential risks of airway compromise during intubation and/or extubation of an endotracheal tube under general anesthesia, the operation was converted from a laparoscopic surgery to an open laparotomy under epidural analgesia one day before operation. Without premedication, the patient was reassured with sufficient explanation on the procedures and anesthetic technique. In the operating room, non-invasive blood pressure, electrocardiography, and pulse oxymetry were monitored. After placing the patient in the left lateral decubitus position, an 18 gauge Tuohy epidural needle was inserted between the seventh and eighth thoracic vertebrae. The epidural space was identified by the loss of the resistance technique. An epidural catheter was inserted in the epidural space through a needle and advanced 5 cm toward the cephalic direction. After a test dose injection of 3 ml of 2% lidocaine containing 1 : 200,000 epinephrine, neither an increase in heart rate nor adverse symptoms of spinal anesthesia were detected. After a catheter was fixed, 7 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine and 50 µg of fentanyl was injected. The level of sensory block was tested by pin-prick every five minutes. The sensory block of the T4-10 level was achieved in fifteen minutes. She was comfortable and did not complain of pain in the upper abdomen when the surgeon performed a midline skin incision above the umbilicus. Intraoperative vital signs were relatively stable with a blood pressure of 105-120/60-75 mmHg and a heart rate of 70-80 beats/min. During the operation, the stomach was pulled taut to resect the tumor because a mass was located at the posterior wall of the fundus. As the surgeon pulled on the stomach, she complained of nausea and discomfort. Being so, we infused remifentanil at 0.03-0.06 µg/kg/min and SpO₂ slowly decreased to 95% from 98%. After applying a face mask at 5 L/min, SpO₂ was maintained at 96-97% throughout the rest of the operation. After the operation, the patient was transferred to the post-anesthetic care unit and her vital signs including saturation were within acceptable ranges in room air. The rest of the postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged on the sixth day after the operation without any airway complications.

Discussion

Relapsing polychondritis is a disorder that has a variety of clinical manifestations and is considered an autoimmune disease resulting in cartilage breakdown [2]. The disorder is usually presented with episodes of erythema, pain, and swelling of the ears, nose, and joints. Symptomatic tracheobronchial involvement implies a poor prognosis. Laryngotracheal symptoms are present in approximately 25% of the patients in the initial course of the disease, however, airway symptoms eventually occur in 50% of all patients with relapsing polychondritis [3]. The disorder causes airway obstruction by two mechanisms. The first is a stricture due to inflammatory swelling or scar formation in the glottic and subglottic areas. The second is dynamic airway collapse during respiration due to destruction of tracheal cartilage [4]. Accordingly, radiographic and bronchoscopic examinations may provide incorrect information for determining the degree of tracheal obstruction, as dynamic airway collapse occurs during respiration. However, inspiratory and expiratory flow-volume loops are useful in predicting the functional degree of intrathoracic and extrathoracic obstruction [5]. In this case, the patient demonstrated severe airway obstruction on flow-volume loop that was well-correlated with her severe respiratory symptoms, including orthopnea.

The most common causes of death among patients with relapsing polychondritis are infection, airway compromise, and cardiac complications [1,2]. Deaths from infection are frequently associated with laryngotracheal disease and pneumonia as well as corticosteroid therapy. Cardiovascular involvement, such as valvular disorders, aneurysmal dilatation of the great vessels and systemic vasculitis has been reported with relapsing polychondritis. Unfortunately, valve replacement surgery does not offer good prognosis because of the progression of underlying connective tissue degeneration [5]. There are a number of treatments available for relapsing polychondritis. Immunosuppression including steroid medication and chemotherapy with drugs is considered the primary option. Physiotherapy has a favorable effect on mucociliary clearance and may be useful for conditioning patients before elective surgical interventions. A tracheostomy or surgical interventions, such as airway stenting, are indicated for patients with aggravated tracheobronchial symptoms. Airway stenting leads to considerable improvement in airflow, particularly during expiration if the collapsing segment can be broadened by a stent [6].

The anesthetic management of patients with relapsing polychondritis is challenging due to airway compromise, which is also one of the most causes of death in this disease. During induction of anesthesia, airway compromise may be induced by collapse of supporting airway structures. Furthermore, after extubation, the potential for laryngeal obstruction may increase due to swelling, edema, and tissue injury of tracheal cartilage. Tanaka et al. [7] reported a case of relapsing polychondritis that underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. The patient was intubated with a 5.5 mm internal diameter endotracheal tube smoothly. After extubation, the patient showed no respiratory complications and was discharged a few days later. However, there was a distinct difference in the severity of disease between this case and Tanaka's case, as the patient in Tanaka's case had only mild dyspnea on exertion and no tracheal stenosis on the CT scan. The patient in this report, in contrast, suffered from orthopnea for a few months and a CT scan revealed narrowing of the subglottic area of which the diameter was approximately 5.75 mm. Flow-volume loop also corresponded to a severe obstructive pattern. In this case, we had to consider the possibility of failure of intubation and/or extubation of the endotracheal tube due to airway compromise. Even if intubation was able to be done, the risks of respiratory failure and reintubation after extubation were also high. Due to the risk of glottal or subglottal mucosal swelling induced by endotracheal intubation, local and regional anesthesia may be considered safer for patients with relapsing polychondritis than general anesthesia. However, local anesthesia does not always prevent airway problems [8]. Therefore, the possible side effects of endotracheal intubation should be weighed against its advantages and the expected procedure. In this case, the operation was converted from a laparoscopic surgery to an open laparotomy and was performed under epidural anesthesia after discussion with surgeon.

Continuous epidural analgesia has been suggested to have many benefits over conventional general anesthesia. These have included a reduction in neurohormonal response to surgical stimuli, preservation of spontaneous breathing and airway reflexes, decreased blood loss and postoperative pain, a reduced risk of thromboembolism, and a more rapid recovery of gastrointestinal motility [9]. Many studies have evaluated the usefulness of continuous epidural analgesia as the predominant anesthetic technique in abdominal surgery [10-12]. Other studies demonstrated that the postoperative deterioration of respiratory function and pulmonary complications decreased with thoracic epidural analgesia compared to general anaesthesia in abdominal or breast surgery [13,14]. In this case, thoracic epidural blockade provided appropriate analgesia. The patient felt sensations of nausea, discomfort or pain only when surgeons pulled on the mesentery or palpated the diaphragmatic surfaces of intraabdominal organs. This could be avoided with intravenous sedatives such as midazolam [15]. Instead, we infused remifentanil at a low rate instead of a sedative bolus in order to avoid respiratory depression and this was effective in reducing discomfort and pain.

Awareness of relapsing polychondritis, as a rare disorder, is significantly critical to conventional general anesthesia because dynamic airway collapse can occur. We were able to put a patient with severe relapsing polychondritis for wedge resection of stomach under thoracic epidural analgesia and found no specific complications as a result thereof. Thus, we present that thoracic epidural analgesia can be safely utilized as an anesthetic technique for patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery with airway difficulties, reduced pulmonary function, or weak respiratory muscles due to neuromuscular disease.