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. 2012 Jul 8;12:137. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-137

Combined rpoB duplex PCR and hsp65 PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism with capillary electrophoresis as an effective algorithm for identification of Mycobacterial species from clinical isolates

Chen-Cheng Huang 1,9, Jiann-Hwa Chen 2, Shiau-Ting Hu 3, Chien-Shun Chiou 4, Wei-Chang Huang 5, Jeng-Yuan Hsu 5, Jang-Jih Lu 6,9, Gwan-Han Shen 5,7,8,✉
PMCID: PMC3511182  PMID: 22769981

Abstract

Background

Mycobacteria can be quickly and simply identified by PCR restriction-enzyme analysis (PRA), but misidentification can occur because of similarities in band sizes that are critical for discriminating among species. Capillary electrophoresis can provide computer-aided band discrimination. The aim of this research was to develop an algorithm for identifying mycobacteria by combined rpoB duplex PRA (DPRA) and hsp65 PRA with capillary electrophoresis.

Results

Three hundred and seventy-six acid-fast bacillus smear-positive BACTEC cultures, including 200 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complexes (MTC) and 176 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) were analyzed. With combined hsp65 and rpoB DPRA, the accuracy rate was 100% (200 isolates) for the MTC and 91.4% (161 isolates) for the NTM. Among the discordant results (8.6%) for the NTM, one isolate of Mycobacterial species and an isolate of M. flavescens were found as new sub-types in hsp65 PRA.

Conclusions

This effective and novel identification algorithm using combined rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA with capillary electrophoresis can rapidly identify mycobacteria and find new sub-types in hsp65 PRA. In addition, it is complementary to 16 S rDNA sequencing.

Keywords: rpoB duplex polymerase chain reaction; hsp65 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis,Capillary electrophoresis

Background

Detection and identification of mycobacteria in clinical specimens is a key issue in the therapy of pulmonary diseases because misidentification can lead to inappropriate treatment. Traditionally, mycobacterial species are identified based on their growth rate, presence or absence of pigmentation, and using biochemical assays of the isolates recovered from specimens. The biochemical assays are time-consuming and labor-intensive, usually taking 1 to 2 months to complete, and assays for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species can have poor reproducibility and provide ambiguous results [1,2].

By contrast, molecular identification, notably PCR-restriction enzyme analysis (PRA), is rapid and simple. The hsp65 PRA method, developed by Telenti et al. in 1993, is a popular DNA-based method for mycobacteria identification [3]. Using hsp65 PRA, Wong et al. [4] reported 100% sensitivity and specificity in identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complexes but only 74.5% sensitivity in identifying NTM species. This misidentification may occur because of similarities in band sizes that are critical for species discrimination [3]. An additional contributing factor is a lack of knowledge of all existing PRA profiles, especially among species that are very heterogeneous, such as M. gordonae, M. scrofulaceum, and M. terrae complexes. Recently, capillary electrophoresis (CE) with computer analysis [5-9] has provided more precise band discrimination than analysis by the naked eye.

Previously, we developed an algorithm for mycobacterial species identification from acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear-positive BACTEC tubes by combining the rpoB duplex PRA (DPRA) [10] and the key phenotypic characters of mycobacteria recovered from the tubes [11]. Using rpoB DPRA, we differentiated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complexes (MTC) from NTM with 235 base pair (bp) and 136 bp PCR amplicons in AFB smear-positive BACTEC cultures. The 136 bp rpoB duplex PCR amplicon was further digested with MspI and HaeIII (rpoB DPRA) to divide the NTM species into eight easily distinguishable groups (A–H) as described by Kim et al. [10]. Using two phenotypic characters (growth rate and photoreactivity on pigment production) and two simple biochemical assays (nitrate reduction test and Tween 80 hydrolysis test) [11], the mycobacterial species were identified. However, the sub-culture and biochemical tests for this algorithm took three weeks.

In the present study, we developed a rapid and effective algorithm for identification of mycobacteria by combined rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA with CE.

Results

Mycobacteria identification

There were 376 AFB smear-positive BACTEC culture tubes (positive BACTEC cultures), including 200 MTC and 176 NTM-containing BACTEC cultures. A further 20 bacteria were MGIT positive but AFB culture smear negative, and these were classed as contaminated and excluded from subsequent evaluation.

By rpoB duplex PCR, all of the 200 MTC-containing BACTEC cultures and the 176 NTM-containing BACTEC cultures showed 235-bp and 136-bp PCR amplicons specific for MTC and NTM, respectively. The species were identified according to the flow chart shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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An flow chart of the identification of Mcobacterial species from clinical specimens by combined rpo B duplex PCR(DCR) and hsp 65 PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorpgism analysis(PRA).

Concordant results from rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA

Combining rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA with computer-aided CE gave an accuracy rate of 100% (200/200) for MTC and 91.4% (161/176) for NTM (Table 1).

Table 1.

Comparison of hsp65 RFLP, rpo B RFLP patterns, 16 S rDNA sequences and conventional biochemical identification in 361 isolates with concordant results

rpo B RFLP pattern
 hsp65 RFLP pattern
 16 S rDNA sequence identification
 Conventional biochemical
 BACTEC culture number
 Concordance rate
      identification    
T
 M. tuberculosis type 1
 M. tuberculosis
 M. tuberculosis
 200
 100%(200/200)
 
 NTM
 NTM
 NTM
 161
 91.4%(161/176)
A
 M. abscessus type1
 M. abscessus
 M. abscessus
 29
  
A
 M. abscessus type 2
 M. abscessus
 M. abscessus
 41
  
A
 M. fortuitum type 1
 M. fortuitum
 M. fortuitum
 33
  
A
 M. fortuitum type 2
 M. fortuitum
 M. fortuitum
 2
  
A
 M. peregrinum type 1
 M. peregrinum
 M. fortuitum*
 5
  
A
 M. peregrinum type 2
 M. peregrinum
 M. fortuitum*
 8
  
A
 M. peregrinum type 3
 M. peregrinum
 M. fortuitum*
 1
  
A
 M. chelonae type 1
 M. chelonae
 M. chelonae
 1
  
A
 M. mucogenicum type 1
 M. mucogenicum
 M. mucogenicum
 2
  
A
 M. smegmatis type 1
 M. smegmatis
 M. smegmatis
 2
  
B
 M. avium subsp. avium type 2
 M. avium subsp. avium
 M. avium complex**
 2
  
D
 M. kansasii type 1
 M. kansasii
 M. kansasii
 6
  
D
 M. kansasii type 2
 M. kansasii
 M. kansasii
 1
  
D
 M. kansasii type 6
 M. kansasii
 M. kansasii
 1
  
D
 M. triviale type 1
 M. triviale
 M. triviale
 1
  
F
 M. malmoense type 1
 M. malmoense
 M. malmoense
 2
  
F
 M. szulgai type 1
 M. szulgai
 M. szulgai
 1
  
F
 M. interjectum type 1
 M. interjectum
 M. interjectum
 1
  
G
 M. intracellulare type 1
 M. intracellulare
 M. avium complex**
 14
  
G
 M. gordonae type 1
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
 6
  
G
 M. gordonae type 2
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
 1
  
G
 M. gordonae type 5
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
 1
  
Total       361  
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* M. peregrinum was identified as M. fortuitum by a conventional biochemical method.

**M. avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare were identified as M. avium complex by a conventional biochemical method.

Discordant results from rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA

There were 15 isolates (8.6%) of NTM with discordant results with rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA (Table 2). The two isolates, Mycobacterial species (A group) and M. flavescens (A group) identified by 16 S rDNA sequencing represented new patterns not available in the hsp65 PRA databases and might be new sub-types in hsp65 PRA. For Mycobacterial species, 16 S rDNA sequencing did not confirm the identity of the isolate but conventional biochemical identification showed it was M. mucogenicum.

Table 2.

Fifteen isolates of NTM species with discordant results fromrpoB RFLP,hsp65RFLP patterns, 16 S rDNA sequence and conventional biochemical identification

No
 rpo B RFLP pattern
 hsp65 RFLP pattern
 16 S rDNA sequence
 Conventional biochemical identification
1
 A
 BstEII : 242.8*, 214.0, 0
 M. flavescens
 M. flavescens
 
  
 HaeIII: 130.9, 140, 90.4, 49.7, 41.5, 37.1
  
  
2
 A
 BstEII :456.3, 0, 0
 Mycobacterial species
 M. mucogenicum
 
  
 HaeIII:192.6, 90.4, 82.0
  
  
3
 D
 M. scrofulaceum type 1
 M. scrofulaceum
 M. scrofulaceum
4
 G
 M. simiae type 5
 M. simiae
 M. simiae
5
 G
 M. simiae type 5
 M. simiae
 M. simiae
6
 F
 M. intracellulare type 3
 M. intracellulare
 M. avium complex**
7
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
8
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
9
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
10
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
11
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
12
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
13
 F
 M. gordonae type 3
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
14
 F
 M. gordonae type 4
 M. gordonae
 M. gordonae
15 F M. gordonae type 4 M. gordonae M. gordonae
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Development of a species identification algorithm

The results in Tables 1 and 2 and the mycobacterial identification flow chart (Figure 1) were used to develop a species identification algorithm by combining rpoB duplex PCR [10] and hsp65 PRA [3] using the most common 74 patterns of 40 species in Table 3. In this algorithm (Table 3), we added M. gordonae types 3 and 4 to the F group. The accuracy rate for NTM by combining the two methods could reach 96.6% (170/176).

Table 3.

A species identification algorithm by combining rpo B duplex PCR and hsp65 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis

 
 rpo B DPCR-RFLP
 hsp 65 RFLP
 Final species identification
Pattern MspI HaeIII BstEII Hae III  
A
 136
 136
 440 / 0 / 0
 160 / 90 / 60 / 0
 M. vaccae type 1
 
  
  
 440 / 0 / 0
 160 / 85 / 55 / 0
 M. flavescens type 3
 
  
  
 440 / 0 / 0
 140 / 55 / 50 / 0
 M. flavescens type 1
 
  
  
 440 / 0 / 0
 130 / 115 / 70 / 60
 M. aurum type 2
 
  
  
 320 / 130 / 0
 200 / 70 / 60 / 55
 M. immunogenum type 2
 
  
  
 320 / 130 / 0
 200 / 60 / 55 / 50
 M. chelonae type 1
 
  
  
 320 / 130 / 0
 145 / 70 / 60 / 55
 M. immunogenum type 1
 
  
  
 320 / 130 / 0
 140 / 65 / 60 / 0
 M. mucogenicum type 1
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 185 / 145 / 0 / 0
 M. fallax type 1
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 170 / 140 / 0 / 0
 M. neoaurum type 1
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 145 / 65 / 60 / 0
 M. mucogenicum type 2
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 90 / 60 / 0
 M. mucogenicum type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 200 / 70 / 60 / 50
 M. abscessus type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 180 / 135 / 70 / 50
 M. thermoresistibile type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 140 / 100 / 50
 M. peregrinum type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 70 / 60 / 55
 M. abscessus type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 140 / 125 / 100 / 50
 M. peregrinum type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 140 / 125 / 60 / 50
 M. senegalense type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 140 / 80 / 60 / 50
 M. phlei type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 80 / 60 / 0
 M. celatum type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 175 / 80 / 0 / 0
 M. aurum type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 145 / 140 / 100 / 60
 M. peregrinum type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 145 / 125 / 60 / 0
 M. smegmatis type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 140 / 125 / 60 / 50
 M. senegalense type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 180 / 140 / 50 / 0
 M. senegalense type 4
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 145 / 120 / 60 / 55
 M. fortuitum type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 140 / 125 / 60 / 50
 M. senegalense type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 140 / 120 / 60 / 55
 M. fortuitum type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 135 / 90 / 85 / 0
 M. fortuitum type 3
B
 136
 108,28
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 90 / 60 / 0
 M. chitae type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. avium subsp. avium type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 105 / 60 / 0
 M. avium subsp. avium type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 105 / 0 / 0
 M. avium subsp. avium type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 105 / 0 / 0
 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type 1
C
 136
 76,60
 235 / 120 / 85
 160 / 105 / 60 / 0
 M. xenopi type 1
D
 75,61 or
 136
 440 / 0 / 0
 170 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. triviale type 1
 
 75,57,4
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 130 / 95 / 75 / 60
 M. kansasii type 5
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 190 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. ulcerans type 2
 
  
  
 (235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 95 / 0
 M. scrofulaceum type 1*)
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 105 / 80 / 45/20
 M. marinum type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. ulcerans type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. kansasii type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 140 / 105 / 70 / 0
 M. shimodei type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 130 / 115 / 75 / 60
 M. kansasii type 4
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 70 / 0
 M. kansasii type 6
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 0 / 0
 M. kansasii type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 95 / 70 / 0
 M. kansasii type 3
E
 75,61 or
 108,28
 440 / 0 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 5
 
 75,57,4
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 185 / 140 / 0 / 0
 M. terrae type 2
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 180 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. terrae type 1
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 4
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 90 / 60 / 0
 M. nonchromogenicum type 2
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 60 / 50 / 0
 M. terrae type 3
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 125 / 105 / 0 / 0
 M. genavense type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 185 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 185 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. genavense type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 155 / 140 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 6
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 140 / 115 / 70 / 0
 M. terrae type 4
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 70 / 0
 M. gastri type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 145 / 60 / 55 / 0
 M. nonchromogenicum
type 1
F
 75,61 or
 76,60
 440 / 0 / 0
 130 / 105 / 70 / 0
 M. szulgai type 1
 
 75,57,4
  
 (320 / 115 / 0
 130 / 115 / 60 / 0
 M. gordonae type 4*)
 
  
  
 240/210/0
 130/110/0
 M. interjectum
 
  
  
 (235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. intracellulare type 3*)
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 115 / 105 / 0 / 0
 M. asiaticum type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. celatum type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 100
 145 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. malmoense type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. malmoense type 2
 
  
  
 (235 / 120 / 100
 130 / 115 / 0 / 0
 M. gordonae type 3*)
G
 75,61 or
 76,32,28
 (440 / 0 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. simiae type 5*)
 
 75,57,4
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 130 / 110 / 70 / 60
 M. gordonae type 8
 
  
  
 320 / 115 / 0
 130 / 115 / 60 / 0
 M. gordonae type 4
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. intermedium type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
 M. intracellulare type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 140 / 105 / 80 / 0
 M. intracellulare type 2
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 115 / 0 / 0
 M. gordonae type 5
 
  
  
 235 / 210 / 0
 120 / 115 / 110 / 0
 M. intracellulare type 4
 
  
  
 235 / 130 / 85
 140 / 120 / 95 / 0
 M. gordonae type 6
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 100
 160 / 115 / 60 / 0
 M. gordonae type 9
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 100
 155 / 110 / 0 / 0
 M. gordonae type 7
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 100
 145 / 130 / 60 / 0
 M. intracellulare type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 100
 130 / 115 / 0 / 0
 M. gordonae type 3
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 100
 130 / 110 / 95 / 0
 M. gordonae type 10
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 160 / 115 / 60 / 0
 M. gordonae type 1
 
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 215 / 110 / 0 / 0
 M. gordonae type 2
H
 75,61 or
 66,60,10
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 95 / 0
 M. scrofulaceum type 1
 
 75,57,4
  
 320 / 130 / 0
 160 / 110 / 0 / 0
 M. haemophilum type 1
T
  
  
 235 / 120 / 85
 150 / 130 / 70 / 0
 M. tuberculosis type 1
(235 bp)          
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(*)species from Table 2 were included in this algorithm.

Discussion

Mycobacterial species identification is generally achieved by standard culture and biochemical methods [12]. Biochemical methods are labor-intensive and time-consuming, and not all are reproducible [2,13]. Recently, PRA and DPRA have been developed for molecular identification of mycobacterial species using different regions of hsp65, 16 S rDNA, 16 S-23 S rDNA spacer, dnaJ, and rpoB as an amplification target [3,14-17]. The most common method is hsp65 PRA, and 74 patterns for 40 species are available in the PRASITE database (http://app.chuv.ch/prasite/index.html).

Previous studies [18,19] have reported that hsp65 PRA is faster and more accurate for species identification than conventional (phenotypic or biochemical) testing. This is because more incorrect and ambiguous results are obtained with conventional methods. The results in our study (Tables 1 and 2) also support this finding. Incorrect and ambiguous results are caused by phenotypic homogeneity among different species and phenotypic variability within species [18]. With by hsp65 PRA, some sub-species, such as M. kansasii, can be identified and rapid-growing mycobacterium can be divided into M. abscessus and M.chelonae, M. fortuitum and M. smegmatis[20], whereas these identifications are difficult with conventional methods [21]. As found in our study (Tables 1 and 2), M. peregrinum was identified as M. fortuitum and M. avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare were both identified as M. avium complex by the conventional biochemical method.

However, hsp65 PRA limitations have been reported in some articles [22,23]. Failure to identify or incorrect identification of the species may occur because of similarities in band sizes critical for discriminating species, including difficult to distinguish M. tuberculosis complex (M. tuberculosis and M. bovis) [22], and closely related sub-species such as M. avium or M. gordonae, because of sequence heterogeneity [22]. In addition, technical problems can also cause misinterpretation or incorrect identification [23]. Patterns in PRA profiles are complex and difficult to interpret with the naked eye, especially when more detailed sub-types are included [21].

This study combined rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA to test both reference strains and clinical respiratory isolates. The mycobacterial identification flow chart (Figure 1) can identify species to the sub-species level, and final species identification can be obtained instantly with concordant results from the two PRA. M. gordonae has a highly variable gene sequence with 10 sub-types in hsp65 PRA, and there are two groups (G and F) in rpoB DPRA. Most M. gordonae is in the G group, but M. gordonae types 3 and 4 by hsp65 PRA are in the F group (Tables 1 and 2).

In addition, there were different rpoB DPRA results (Table 2) for M. simaie type 5 (G group but not E group), M. scrofulaceum type 1 (D group but not H group), and M. intracellulare type 3 (F group but not G group). The identities of all of these isolates were finally confirmed by 16 S rDNA sequencing. Variable numbers of restriction sites for HaeIII in these species may derive from genetic sequence mutation. However, these species are included in the species identification algorithm even though they are uncommon isolates.

Using the mycobacteria identification flow chart (Figure 1) and algorithm (Table 3), M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) can be easily divided into M. avium spp. avium and M. intracellulare by both rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA. By contrast, this was not possible with the conventional method. Using the results in Table 3, some NTM species with identical or similar hsp65 PRA can be clearly grouped by rpoB DPRA (Table 4). Ambiguous results from hsp65 PRA alone are easier to interpret with combined rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA. However, M. intermedium type 1 and M. intracellulare type 3 with identical hsp65 PRA and rpoB DPRA (G group) could not be differentiated further by this species identification algorithm and required 16 S rDNA sequencing for confirmation.

Table 4.

Species with identical or similar hsp65 PRA but different groups in rpoB DPRA

rpo B Group
 Species (type)
 hsp 65 RFLP
    Bst EII Hae III
A
 M. mucogenicum type 3
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 90 / 60 / 0
B
 M. chitae type 1
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 90 / 60 / 0
A
 M. mucogenicum type 2
 320 / 115 / 0
 145 / 65 / 60 / 0
E
 M. terrae type 3
 320 / 115 / 0
 140 / 60 / 50 / 0
A
 M. fallax type 1
 320 / 115 / 0
 185 / 145 / 0 / 0
E
 M. terrae type 2
 320 / 115 / 0
 185 / 140 / 0 / 0
A
 M. peregrinum type 2
 235 / 210 / 0
 140 / 125 /100/50
H
 M. scrofulaceum type 1
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 95 / 0
D
 M. kansasii type 6
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 70 / 0
E
 M. gastri type 1
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 70 / 0
F
 M. celatum type 2
 235 / 130 / 85
 130 / 105 / 80 / 0
D
 M. kansasii type 1
 235 / 210 / 0
 130 / 105 / 80 / 0
F
 M. malmoense type 2
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 105 / 80 / 0
E
 M. simiae type 6
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
G
 M. intermedium type 1
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
G
 M. intracellulare type 3
 235 / 210 / 0
 145 / 130 / 0 / 0
F
 M. interjectum
 240 / 210 / 0
 130 / 110 / 0
G M. gordonae type 5 235 / 210 / 0 130 / 115 / 0 / 0
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Although 16 S rDNA sequencing is the standard method for mycobacterium species identification, it cannot differentiate some closely related rapid-growing mycobacterium species [24] or slow-growing M. kansasii and M. gastri that had identical 16 S rDNA sequences, but these can be differentiated by hsp65 PRA and rpoB DPRA. There are some reports [6,25] of conflicting results from different methods for mycobacterial species identification, probably caused by a failure of one method to identify all test strains correctly. Combining methods for mycobacterial species identification can improve the accuracy rate, avoid ambiguous results, and save time.

Many CE-based studies [5-9] in PCR-RFLP analysis have investigated improving band size discrimination. In one study by Chang et al. [7], high-resolution CE gave more precise estimates of DNA fragment sizes than analysis by the naked eye, and CE could detect low molecular weight fragments (down to 12 bp). In our study, restriction fragments <50 bp were not selected for analysis to avoid confusion with primer and primer dimer bands. We found that more hsp65 fragment differences than rpoB fragment (data not shown) may explain the size differences with highly variable sequence for species identification but difficult interpretation in hsp65 PRA.

Some sub-types of NTM species are relevant to clinical management, such as the M. kansasii and MAC. M. kansasii type 1 is the most common type associated with human disease [26-28] because of its high pathogenicity. However, M. kansasii types 3–7 are most often isolated from the environment and rarely from humans, and have no significant role in clinical management [26,27]. MAC can be divided into M. avium subsp. avium and M. intracellulare because drug sensitivity test and clinical outcomes are different between these two sub-types [29,30].

It is important to identify NTM to the sub-type level both for epidemiologic data and for differentiating potentially pathogenic sub-types [26,27]. Combined rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA with capillary electrophoresis provides precise species identification and overcomes problems associated with discrimination by hsp65 PRA band sizes. This combined method takes around 2–3 days to complete in the laboratory once clinical isolates have been received. However, the identification algorithm has some limitations. First, it could not discriminate M. intermedium type 1 from M. intracellulare type 3, and second, not every hospital laboratory will be equipped with the appropriate equipment for this method.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the novel flow chart and identification algorithm obtained by combined rpoB DPRA and hsp65 PRA with capillary electrophoresis can easily differentiate MTC from NTM and identify mycobacterial species to the sub-type level, which is helpful for clinical management. The results are complementary to 16 S rDNA sequencing, and the effective algorithm provides rapid and accurate mycobacterial species identification.

Methods

Mycobacterial isolates

Fourteen mycobacterial reference strains including one MTC and 13 NTM strains and 376 clinical respiratory specimens, including sputum, broncho-alveolar lavage, and aspirated secretion from endotracheal tubes, were collected from January to July 2007 from Taichung Veterans General Hospital (Taichung, Taiwan). The respiratory specimens were digested by a N-acetyl-l-cysteine-NaOH decontamination procedure, centrifugal concentration, and sputum dissolving agents [31]. The processed specimens or the concentrated specimens were inoculated into MGIT culture tubes and incubated in the BACTEC 960 instrument at 37°C until a positive signal appeared. Positive BACTEC cultures were smeared on glass slides and Kinyoun staining was used to screen for AFB [31]. Mycobacteria in the positive BACTEC cultures were isolated and identified by conventional methods [12,13] .

Identification of mycobacterial isolates by conventional methods

All 376 isolates from cultures in the AFB smear-positive BACTEC tubes were streaked on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) slants and incubated at 37°C under 5% CO2. Colonies on the LJ slants were used for species identification by conventional culture and biochemical methods [12,13]. These methods included growth rates, photoreactivity for pigment production, morphology in microcolonies on LJ slants, and biochemical tests, including nitrate reduction, arylsulfatase, Tween 80 hydrolysis, urease, semiquantitative catalase, tolerance to 5% NaCl and niacin production.

Genomic DNA extraction

Mycobacterial DNA was extracted from positive BACTEC cultures using a DTB specimen processing kit (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) according to the manufacturer’s instructions [11].

rpoB DPCR and rpoB DPRA

The rpoB DPCR was performed using genomic DNA as template and primer pairs Tbc1 (5’-CGTACGGTCGGCGAGCTGATCCAA-3’)-TbcR5 (5’-CCACCAGTCGGCGCTTGTGGGTCAA-3’) and M5 (5’-GGAGCGGATGACCACCCAGGACGTC-3’)-RM3 (5’-CAGCGGGTT GTTCTGGTCCATGAAC-3’) as described by Kim et al. [10]. A 235 bp DNA PCR amplicon from MTC and a 136 bp DNA PCR amplicon from NTM were specifically amplified [10], and these two amplification products were analyzed by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel (Seakem LE agarose, Cambrex, East Rutherford, NJ).

For rpoB DPRA, the 136-bp DNA PCR amplicon was further digested with MspI and HaeIII after DPRA, and analyzed by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel (NuSieve 3:1 agarose, Cambrex) or CE (eGene). The rpoB restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns were compared to eight groups described by Kim et al. [10]. Eight NTM reference strains (M. abscessus ATCC 19977, M. avium subsp. avium ATCC 25291, M. kansasii ATCC 12479, M. terrae ATCC 15755, M. szulgai ATCC 29716, M. intracellulare ATCC 13950, M. scrofulaceum ATCC 19981, M. xenopi ATCC 19250) from each rpoB group (A-H) were subjected to rpoB DPRA by CE (eGene).

hsp65 PCR and hsp65PRA

The hsp65 PCR was performed using genomic DNA as template and primer Tb11(5’-ACC AAC GAT GGT GTG TCC-3’) and Tb12 (5’-CTT GTC GAA CCG CAT ACC CT-3’) as described by Telenti et al. [3]. A 439-bp DNA hsp65 PCR amplicon was specifically amplified from the extracted DNA, and the amplification product was analyzed by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel (Seakem LE agarose, Cambrex).

For hsp65 PRA, the 439-bp DNA hsp65 PCR amplicon was further digested with BstEII and HaeIII after completing hsp65 PCR, and analyzed by electrophoresis on a 3% agarose gel (NuSieve 3:1 agarose, Cambrex) or by CE (eGene). The sizes of the restriction fragment by hsp65 PRA were compared to those reported on the PRASITE database (http://app.chuv.ch/prasite/index.html). Thirteen ATCC NTM reference strains and one MTC reference strain were subjected to hsp65 PRA by CE (eGene).

eGene CE

The restriction fragment sizes were estimated by the naked eye or by eGene CE according to the manufacturer’s instructions using size markers (100 bp to 3 kb) and alignment markers (15 bp to 3 kb).

Mycobacterial identification flow chart

The mycobacterial identification flow chart is shown in Figure 1.

16 S rDNA sequencing

The 16 S rDNA sequencing of mycobacterial DNA as the reference standard method for mycobacterial species identification was carried out using primer pair 8FPL (5’AGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG 3’) and 1492 (5’GGTTACCTTGTTACGACT T 3’) as described by Turenne et al. [32]. The species were identified by comparing the 16 S rDNA sequences with similar sequences from GenBank.

Abbreviations

PRA: Polymerase chain reaction restriction-enzyme analysis; DPRA: Duplex Polymerase chain Reaction restriction-enzyme Analysis; MTC: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complexes; NTM: Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria; CE: Capillary Electrophoresis; AFB: Acid-Fast Bacillus; MAC: M. Avium-intracellulare Complex; LJ: Löwenstein-Jensen.

Competing interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

CCH wrote the manuscript. CSC, JHC, STH participated in the study design, and analysis. GHS and WCH managed the project. JYH, JJL assisted in improving the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Contributor Information

Chen-Cheng Huang, Email: jerryhuang123@gmail.com.

Jiann-Hwa Chen, Email: jhchen@dragon.nchu.edu.tw.

Shiau-Ting Hu, Email: tingnahu@ym.edu.tw.

Chien-Shun Chiou, Email: nipmcsc@cdc.gov.tw.

Wei-Chang Huang, Email: huangweichangtw@gmail.com.

Jeng-Yuan Hsu, Email: tobyhsu312@gmail.com.

Jang-Jih Lu, Email: janglu45@gmail.com.

Gwan-Han Shen, Email: shengwanhan@gmail.com.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the Center of Disease Control (Grant No. DOH95-DC-1106) and the National Science Foundation (Grant No. NSC-982A52) of Taiwan.

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