Abstract
Purpose
With regard to large inter-individual variability of height, body weight (BW), and age, several hemodynamic parameters are adjusted for biometric data. This also applies to extravascular lung water (EVLW), which traditionally was indexed to actual BW (BW-act) resulting in EVLW-index (EVLWI; i.e., EVLWI-act). Since indexation to BW-act might inappropriately diminish EVLWI-act in obese patients, the indexation has been changed to predicted BW (BW-pred) resulting in EVLWI-pred. BW-pred is a weight estimation formula calculated from height and gender that has not been derived from population-based data. The aim of the study was to investigate the independent association of biometric data with EVLW.
Methods
We analyzed a hemodynamic monitoring database including 3,691 transpulmonary thermodilution-derived EVLW measurements (234 consecutive patients; intensive care unit of a university hospital). We performed univariate and multivariate analyses regarding the association of biometric data with the first EVLW measurement and the mean EVLW value of each patient.
Results
In univariate analysis, the first EVLW significantly correlated with height (r = 0.254; p < 0.001), but neither with age nor BW-act. Similar findings were made in the analysis of the patients’ EVLW means of all measurements (“one point per patient”). In multivariate analysis (primary endpoint), including BW-act, height, age, and gender, only height was independently associated with EVLW, with each centimeter of height increasing the first measurement of EVLW by 6.882 mL (p < 0.001) and mean EVLW by 6.727 mL (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Height is the only biometric parameter independently associated with the first and mean EVLW. In adult patients, EVLW should be indexed to height.
Keywords: Extravascular lung water, Extravascular lung water index, Hemodynamic monitoring, Transpulmonary thermodilution, Body weight, Biometry
Introduction
Extravascular lung water (EVLW) estimates fluid in the pulmonary interstitial and alveolar spaces. EVLW can be assessed using single-indicator transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) and is associated with pulmonary function and mortality [1–11].
EVLW traditionally was indexed to actual body weight (BW) (BW-act) resulting in extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) (EVLWI-act). However, especially in obese patients, indexation of EVLW to BW-act has been questioned [5–8]. Based on better mortality prediction by EVLWI indexed to BW-pred (EVLWI-pred) in some studies [5–7], both commercially available TPTD devices at present provide EVLWI-pred. However, data on appropriate indexation of EVLW in terms of prediction of mortality or correlation with PaO2/FiO2 are not consistent [5–8, 12].
When evaluating the appropriateness of different EVLW indexations, mortality is an obvious endpoint. However, mortality is multifactorial and prone to confounding factors and direct association with biometric data (age, BW) [13, 14]. Similar considerations apply to PaO2/FiO2 ratios. Therefore, multiple regression analysis regarding the independent association of EVLW with biometric data might be a more systematical approach. Therefore, we analyzed a database of EVLW measurements regarding the independent association of BW-act, height, age, and gender with un-indexed EVLW.
Materials and methods
The study was approved by the institutional review board. We analyzed data of a prospectively maintained hemodynamic database including 4,913 TPTD measurements in 289 consecutive patients discharged from our ICU between October 2008 and December 2010. Since EVLW values might be altered when using inferior vena cava access for TPTD [15], only EVLW measurements using superior vena cava access for indicator injection were analyzed (3,691 EVLW determinations in 234 patients).
TPTD was performed as described previously using the PiCCO device (Pulsion Medical Systems, Munich, Germany) [16, 17].
The primary endpoint was to identify biometric parameters independently associated with un-indexed EVLW using multivariate regression analysis preceded by univariate analysis. The comparison of mean values of EVLWI-act and EVLWI-pred in all patients and body mass index (BMI) subgroups of patients were secondary endpoints.
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
EVLW was indexed to different weight formulas (Table 1). Distributions of normal (≤ 7 mL/kg), slightly elevated (7 < EVLWI ≤ 10 mL/kg), and markedly elevated EVLWI (> 10 mL/kg) depending on different indexations were calculated for all patients and for BMI subgroups. Percentages were calculated on the basis of the measurements with valid data. The proportion of normal EVLWI values indexed to either BW-act or BW-pred was compared using the χ2 test. For comparison of mean EVLWI values according to different weight-based formulas, we used the Wilcoxon test for paired samples. For group comparisons between female and male patients regarding continuous variables, the Mann–Whitney U test was performed.
Table 1.
Patients characteristics and comparison of EVLWI according to different indexations (all measurements)
Weight correction formulas were used as follows:
Predicted body weight (BW-pred) (kg): Male: 50 + 0.91 × [height (cm) − 152.4]; Female: 45.5 + 0.91 × [height (cm) − 152.4]
Ideal body weight (BW-id) (kg): Male: [height (cm) – 100] × 0.9; Female: [height (cm) − 100)] × 0.85
Adjusted body weight (BW-adj) (kg): Male: BW-id + (BW-act − BW-id) × 0.4; Female: BW-id + (BW-act − BW-id) × 0.4
BMI body mass index, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, CNS central nervous system, EVLW extravascular lung water, EVLWI-pred extravascular lung water index indexed to predicted body weight, EVLWI-act extravascular lung water index indexed to actual body weight, EVLWI-id extravascular lung water index indexed to ideal body weight, EVLWI-adj extravascular lung water index indexed to adjusted body weight
* p < 0.05 vs. EVLWI-pred (assuming EVLWI-pred to be the standard indexation); ** p < 0.001 vs. EVLWI-pred (assuming EVLWI-pred to be the standard indexation)
To eliminate the effect of different numbers of measurements in different individuals, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses based on the first EVLWI measurement of each patient and separately based on the mean EVLWI value of each patient (“one point per patient”).
For ex-post group comparisons of markers of lung injury between patients within the four 25 % percentiles of height and BW we used the Kruskal–Wallis test. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate the discriminative power of differently indexed EVLW with regard to “PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg”.
Results
Patients’ basic characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Comparison of EVLWI values according to different indexations
In the totality of patients, mean EVLWI-pred (all measurements) was significantly higher than EVLWI-act (11.6 ± 4.9 vs. 10.0 ± 4.7 mL/kg; p < 0.001) (Table 1, Fig. 1). This difference was even more pronounced in patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (12.5 ± 4.9 vs. 7.2 ± 2.9 mL/kg; p < 0.001) and in patients with 25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2 (11.0 ± 4.7 vs. 9.0 ± 3.6 mL/kg; p < 0.001). The difference between EVLWI-pred and EVLWI-act was most pronounced in women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (12.9 ± 5.2 vs. 6.7 ± 2.4 mL/kg; p < 0.001 (Fig. 1). Only in patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2 there was no significant difference between EVLWI-pred (11.6 ± 5.0 mL/kg) and EVLWI-act (11.7 ± 5.2 mL/kg).
Fig. 1.
Mean values of extravascular lung water index according to different indexations (all measurements). Bar graph showing mean extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) values according to different indexations in all patients and in women with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2. Extravascular lung water index indexed to predicted body weight (EVLWI-pred), actual body weight (EVLWI-act), ideal body weight (EVLWI-id), or adjusted body weight (EVLWI-adj)
Similar results were found when analyzing the first EVLW measurement in each patient (Table 1).
The use of BW-pred or BW-act for indexation of EVLW resulted in a markedly different distribution of EVLWI values within the normal range, slightly elevated EVLWI values, and markedly elevated EVLWI (all patients and BMI subgroups) (Table 2). The percentage of normal measurements (≤ 7 mL/kg) was significantly different for all subgroups when comparing EVLWI-pred and EVLWI-act. Normal values of EVLWI were significantly more frequent for EVLWI-act in the totality of patients (1,057/3,691 (28.6 %) vs. 594/3,691 (16.1 %); p < 0.001) as well as in patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (470/786 (59.8 %) vs. 57/786 (7.3 %); p < 0.001), women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (306/436 (70.2 %) vs. 28/436 (6.4 %); p < 0.001), and patients with 25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2 (200/1,051 (19.0 %) vs. 323/1,051 (30.7 %); p < 0.001). Normal values of EVLWI were less frequent for EVLWI-act compared to EVLWI-pred in patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (264/1,854 (14.2 %) vs. 337/1,854 (18.2 %); p = 0.001).
Table 2.
Distribution of normal, slightly elevated, and markedly elevated EVLWI values according to different indexations (all measurements)
| EVLWI-pred (mL/kg) | EVLWI-act (mL/kg) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All measurements | Measurements in patients with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | |||||
| ≤ 7 | 7 < EVLWI ≤ 10 | > 10 | ≤ 7 | 7 < EVLWI ≤ 10 | > 10 | |
| ≤ 7 | 495 (13.4 %) | 99 (2.7 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 57 (7.3 %) | 0 (0.0 %) | 0 (0.0 %) |
| 7 < EVLWI ≤ 10 | 379 (10.3 %) | 710 (19.2 %) | 147 (4.0 %) | 230 (29.3 %) | 33 (4.2 %) | 0 (0.0 %) |
| > 10 | 183 (5.0 %) | 405 (11.0 %) | 1,273 (34.5 %) | 183 (23.3 %) | 184 (23.4 %) | 99 (12.6 %) |
EVLWI extravascular lung water index, EVLWI-act extravascular lung water index indexed to actual body weight, EVLWI-pred extravascular lung water index indexed to predicted body weight, BMI body mass index
In the totality of patients, 1,213/3,691 (32.9 %) EVLWI measurements would have been classified in different categories when using the different indexations (Table 2). Again, this was more pronounced in obese patients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) with 597/786 (76.0 %) measurements being differently classified by EVLWI-pred and EVLWI-act.
Association of un-indexed EVLW with biometric data
In univariate analysis, the first EVLW measurement in each patient significantly correlated with height (r = 0.254; p < 0.001), but neither with age (r = −0.001; p = 0.994) nor BW-act (r = 0.102; p = 0.119). In comparison to male patients, female patients had a statistically significantly lower EVLW (602 ± 241 vs. 690 ± 263 mL; p < 0.001). However, height (164.0 ± 6.4 vs. 176.3 ± 6.7 cm; p < 0.001) and BW-act (67.9 ± 19.0 vs. 80.1 ± 15.8 kg; p < 0.001) were also significantly lower in women compared to men.
Similar findings were made in the analysis of the patients’ mean EVLW measurements. In univariate analysis, mean EVLW significantly correlated with height (r = 0.255; p < 0.001), but not with age (r = 0.006; p = 0.932). There was a weak but significant correlation between mean EVLW and BW-act (r = 0.152; p = 0.020).
According to multivariate regression analysis (primary endpoint), among these biometric data, only height was independently associated with the first EVLW measurement in each patient, with each centimeter of height increasing EVLW by 6.882 mL (95 % confidence interval, 3.282–10.482; p < 0.001). Similarly, means of all EVLW measurements in individual patients were significantly and independently associated with height, with each centimeter of height increasing mean EVLW by 6.727 mL (95 % confidence interval, 3.337–10.117 mL; p < 0.001).
Ex post statistical analysis
To preclude that the association of height and EVLW was due to a disproportional distribution of pulmonary impairment in patients with different height, we performed ex post analysis regarding the distribution of lung injury markers among patients within four 25 % percentiles of height. PaO2/FiO2 was available for only 661 EVLW measurements in 76 patients. There was no statistically significant disproportional distribution of PaO2/FiO2 between patients with different height (p = 0.498). Similar results were obtained for the distribution of lung injury score (without chest X-ray) (p = 0.177) and oxygenation index (p = 0.316).
To preclude that obesity itself might influence pulmonary impairment we analyzed the impact of different BMI categories (four 25 % percentiles and BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30, and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) on lung injury markers. Again, there were no hints of an association of BMI with PaO2/FiO2, lung injury score, or oxygenation index.
ROC analysis evaluating the discriminative power of differently indexed EVLW with regard to “PaO2/FiO2 < 200 mmHg” demonstrated that EVLWI-height provided a higher ROC area under the curve (AUC) [0.771 (95 % confidence interval, 0.734–0.808)] compared with EVLWI-pred [0.753 (95 % confidence interval, 0.715–0.791)] and EVLWI-act [0.708 (95 % confidence interval, 0.669–0.747)].
Discussion
In this study, different weight-based indexations of EVLW resulted in markedly different EVLWI values. Indexation of EVLW to BW-pred and BW-act also resulted in significantly different classifications of the EVLWI measurements as normal, moderately, or markedly elevated. In multivariate regression analysis only height was independently associated with EVLW.
At first glance, these findings might be surprising, since at present BW-act or BW-pred is recommended for indexation. However, expert recommendations on the measurement of lung volumes clearly state that “lung volumes are related to body size, with standing height being the most important factor” [18]. In addition, the formulas for calculation of BW-pred and BW-id do not account for any weight at all, but simply derive BW from height corrected for gender and a constant [19]. While our data support the use of height for indexation of EVLW, our analyses do not demonstrate that gender is independently associated with EVLW. This might explain data from a recent study in which EVLW-pred (including gender) performed worse than EVLWI-act (not correcting for gender) [8].
Several limitations of our study have to be mentioned. This was a single center study in a general ICU with predominantly Caucasian medical patients, which also applies for the majority of previous data [20]. Furthermore, some analyses were ex post analyses with data available only in a limited number of patients. Finally, the explanatory content of height might be considered low with a coefficient of correlation r = 0.254. However, in general, absolute values of EVLW result from both pulmonary pathophysiology as well as biometric data. The impact of biometry might be underestimated in our collective with a high proportion of patients with markedly impaired pulmonary function.
Conclusions
In 234 adult ICU patients, height was the only biometric parameter independently associated with the first and mean EVLW measurements based on TPTD. Therefore, in adult patients, EVLW should be indexed to height. This results in the unit (mL/cm) for EVLWI-height.
Acknowledgments
We thank Veit Phillip, Caroline Schultheiss, Josef Höllthaler, Philipp Thies, Ulrich Mayr, Sebastian Noe, Henrik Einwächter, Matthias Treiber, and Andrea Herrmann for data acquisition and interpretation.
Conflicts of interest
Wolfgang Huber collaborates with Pulsion Medical Systems as a member of the medical advisory board. All other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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