Abstract
Chang liver (CL) cells and human embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) were infected with type 1 herpes simplex virus (HSV), ant the time postinfection at which these cells became susceptible to lysis by antiviral antibody and complement of human origin was determined in a 51Cr release assay. Using a 1:2 dilution of fresh HSV antibody-positive human serum, we initially detected specific lysis by 4 h postinfection in HSV-infected CL cells and by 3 h postinfection in HSV-infected MRC-5 cells in suspension. MRC-5 cells were more completely lysed than CL cells. Protein inhibition studies with cycloheximide showed that all of the HSV-infected CL cells and most (83%) of the HSV-infected MRC-5 cells injured early in the infectious cycle were attacked because of newly synthesized viral surface antigens rather than because of adherent input virus. Suspension cells early in the infectious cycle were less completely lysed and required higher concentrations of both antiviral antibody and complement for lysis than cells that were in the later stages of infection (18 h postinfection). Guinea pig serum was inferior to human serum as a complement source for lysis of early infectious cycle cells. Lysis early in the infectious cycle was directly proportional to the multiplicity of infection and inversely proportional to the cell concentration. Infected cells in monolayers were lysed less readily and about 1 to 2 h later in the infectious cycle than infected cells in suspension. This difference was pronounced for CL cells, but modest for MRC-5 cells. These studies demonstrate that, despite previously held notions, HSV-infected tissue culture cells can be lysed by antiviral antibody and complement early in the infectious cycle before the initial production of progeny virus particles. The demonstration of lysis was highly dependent on experimental conditions, however, including cell type, suspension versus monolayer culture, cell density, and concentration of antibody and complement as well as the source of complement.
Full text
PDF







Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Babiuk L. A., Wardley R. C., Rouse B. T. Defense mechanisms against bovine herpesvirus: relationship of virus-host cell events to susceptibility to antibody-complement cell lysis. Infect Immun. 1975 Nov;12(5):958–963. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.5.958-963.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brandt W. E., Russell P. K. Influence of cell type and virus upon virus-specific immune cytolysis. Infect Immun. 1975 Feb;11(2):330–333. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.2.330-333.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brier A. M., Wohlenberg C., Rosenthal J., Mage M., Notkins A. L. Inhibition or enhancement of immunological injury of virus-infected cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Dec;68(12):3073–3077. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.12.3073. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ferrone S., Cooper N. R., Pellegrino M. A., Reisfeld R. A. The lymphocytotoxic reaction: the mechanism of rabbit complement action. J Immunol. 1971 Oct;107(4):939–947. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ferrone S. Rabbit complement in the lymphocytotoxicity test. Tissue Antigens. 1977 Apr;9(4):223–226. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1977.tb01111.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glorioso J. C., Smith J. W. Immune interactions with cells infected with herpes simplex virus: antibodies to radioiodinated surface antigens. J Immunol. 1977 Jan;118(1):114–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Honess R. W., Roizman B. Proteins specified by herpes simplex virus. XI. Identification and relative molar rates of synthesis of structural and nonstructural herpes virus polypeptides in the infected cell. J Virol. 1973 Dec;12(6):1347–1365. doi: 10.1128/jvi.12.6.1347-1365.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Honess R. W., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J Virol. 1974 Jul;14(1):8–19. doi: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.8-19.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnston R. B., Jr, Stroud R. M. Complement and host defense against infection. J Pediatr. 1977 Feb;90(2):169–179. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80625-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KENT J. F., FIFE E. H., Jr Precise standardization of reagents for complement fixation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1963 Jan;12:103–116. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1963.12.103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lerner R. A., Oldstone M. B., Cooper N. R. Cell cycle-dependent immune lysis of Moloney virus-transformed lymphocytes: presence of viral antigen, accessibility to antibody, and complement activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Oct;68(10):2584–2588. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.10.2584. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linscott W. D. An antigen density effect on the hemolytic efficiency of complement. J Immunol. 1970 May;104(5):1307–1309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lodmell D. L., Niwa A., Hayashi K., Notkins A. L. Prevention of cell-to-cell spread of herpes simplex virus by leukocytes. J Exp Med. 1973 Mar 1;137(3):706–720. doi: 10.1084/jem.137.3.706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nahmias A. J., Shore S. L., Kohl S., Starr S. E., Ashman R. B. Immunology of herpes simplex virus infection: relevance to herpes simplex virus vaccines and cervical cancer. Cancer Res. 1976 Feb;36(2 Pt 2):836–844. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nakamura Y., Costa J., Tralka T. S., Yee C. L., Rabson A. S. Properties of the cell surface Fc-receptor induced by herpes simplex virus. J Immunol. 1978 Sep;121(3):1128–1131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norrild B., Shore S. L., Nahmias A. J. Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins: participation of individual herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein antigens in immunocytolysis and their correlation with previously identified glycopolypeptides. J Virol. 1979 Dec;32(3):741–748. doi: 10.1128/jvi.32.3.741-748.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Romano T. J., Shore S. L. Lysis of virus-infected target cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. I. General requirements of the reaction and temporal relationship between lethal hits and cytolysis. Cell Immunol. 1977 Apr;30(1):66–81. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90048-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rosenthal J., Hayashi K., Notkins A. L. Virus antigens on the surface of infected cells: binding and elution of ( 125 I)-labelled antivirus antibody. J Gen Virol. 1973 Feb;18(2):195–199. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-18-2-195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shore S. L., Black C. M., Melewicz F. M., Wood P. A., Nahmias A. J. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to target cells infected with type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus. J Immunol. 1976 Jan;116(1):194–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shore S. L., Cromeans T. L., Norrild B. Early damage of herpes-infected cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: relative roles of virus-specified cell-surface antigens and input virus. J Immunol. 1979 Nov;123(5):2239–2244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shore S. L., Cromeans T. L., Romano T. J. Immune destruction of virus-infected cells early in the infectious cycle. Nature. 1976 Aug 19;262(5570):695–696. doi: 10.1038/262695a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith J. W., Adam E., Melnick J. L., Rawls W. E. Use of the 51 Cr release test to demonstrate patterns of antibody response in humans to herpesvirus types 1 and 2. J Immunol. 1972 Sep;109(3):554–564. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Strunk R. C., John T. J., Sieber O. F. Herpes simplex virus infections in guinea pigs deficient in the fourth component of complement. Infect Immun. 1977 Jan;15(1):165–168. doi: 10.1128/iai.15.1.165-168.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tevethia S. S., Lowry S., Rawls W. E., Melnick J. L., McMillan V. Detection of early cell surface changes in herpes simplex virus infected cells by agglutination with concanavalin A. J Gen Virol. 1972 Apr;15(1):93–97. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-15-1-93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Watanabe Y., Kudo H., Graham A. F. Selective inhibition of reovirus ribonucleic acid synthesis by cycloheximide. J Virol. 1967 Feb;1(1):36–44. doi: 10.1128/jvi.1.1.36-44.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]