SUMMARY
The aim of the study was to describe ossicle resorption in chronic otitis with cholesteatoma and correlate it with clinical parameters such as age, contralateral ear condition, tympanic membrane aspect, cholesteatoma pathogenesis and extension, associated lesions and hearing threshold. Preoperative clinical data were collected for 140 patients with chronic otitis with cholesteatoma, whose ossicles were evaluated during surgery. 82% of patients showed ossicle resorption, with incus damage in 78% of cases. Multiple involvement was found in 45% of cases and the incus-stapes association was the most frequent. In 13 patients (11%) with ossicle damage, the ossicular chain was in continuity with a hearing threshold similar to patients without ossicular resorption. Ossicles were always damaged in congenital cholesteatoma and in case of associated lesions. Cholesteatoma extension was related to the incidence of ossicle resorption (p < 0.0001). Air and bone conduction worsened as the number of involved ossicles increased, while the air-bone gap remained stable. In conclusion, the origin and location of cholesteatoma are related to the site of ossicular damage, which is subsequent to the contact between bone and cholesteatoma. Pure-tone audiometry and air-bone gap do not reflect actual ossicular chain status. None of the other preoperative clinical parameters considered were reliable predictors of the condition of the ossicular chain.
KEY WORDS: Cholesteatoma, Chronic otitis, Ossicular chain
RIASSUNTO
Lo scopo dello studio è stato descrivere i danni della catena ossiculare nelle otiti croniche colesteatomatose correlandoli a parametri clinici quali età, condizione dell'orecchio controlaterale, reperto otoscopico, patogenesi ed estensione del colesteatoma, presenza di lesioni associate, soglia uditiva. Sono state raccolte le suddette informazioni per 140 pazienti con otite cronica colesteatomatosa la cui catena ossiculare è stata valutata durante l'intervento chirurgico. L'82% mostrava danni agli ossicini, con un coinvolgimento dell'incudine nel 78% dei casi. Un coinvolgimento multiplo era evidente nel 45% dei casi, interessante l'incudine e la staffa nella maggior parte dei casi. La catena ossiculare di 13 pazienti (11%), benché danneggiata, risultava funzionalmente integra garantendo una soglia uditiva pari a quella dei pazienti con ossicini normali. La catena ossiculare era sempre danneggiata nei colesteatomi congeniti e quando presenti lesioni associate. L'estensione del colesteatoma era correlata all'incidenza di rimaneggiamento degli ossicini (p < 0,0001). Il peggioramento della via area ed ossea era proporzionale al numero di ossicini coinvolti, ma il gap aereo-osseo risultava sostanzialmente stabile. conclusione sulla base dei nostri dati è stato possibile stabilire una correlazione fra l'origine e la localizzazione del colesteatoma e il sito di danneggiamento della catena ossiculare legato al contatto tra tessuto patologico e osso. Inoltre l'audiometria tonale e il gap aereo-osseo non riflettevano il reale stato della catena ossiculare. Infine nessuno dei parametri preoperatori considerati è risultato predittivo della reale condizione della catena ossiculare.
Introduction
Cholesteatoma may be defined as skin in the wrong place 1, which causes middle ear chronic inflammation, leading to ossicles and bone erosion. Chronic otitis with cholesteatoma is divided into congenital and acquired forms. The former is more frequent in young patients and is caused by skin growth behind the eardrum since birth. The latter is more frequent in adults and originates from tympanic retraction pockets or from migration of skin through perforations of the tympanic membrane into the middle ear 4 6. The incidence of cholesteatoma ranges from 3/100,000 in children to 9/100,000 in adults 3.
It is well acknowledged that skin in cholesteatoma differs histologically from normal skin, showing a matrix of squamous keratin stratified epithelium with a connective envelope (peri-matrix), separated by an inflammatory layer rich in lymphocytes and mast cells which are thought to play a major role in both symptoms and complications 11. Some recent studies tried to explain the molecular characteristics in cholesteatoma. High levels of caspase-14 mRNA may explain its aberrant terminal differentiation 7; the expression of p63, a p53 homologue, and survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, suggests a common origin with tumours 8 9; chromosome copy number alterations relate to a more or less aggressive behaviour 10. Although cholesteatoma has been studied from multiple points of view, its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear.
At clinical examination, chronic otitis with cholestatoma usually presents with recurrent othorrea and hearing impairment, often conductive, due to erosion of the middle ear ossicles. This happens for two main reasons: chronic inflammation, which leads to cytokine release and osteoclast activation, and pressure necrosis, caused by cholesteatoma expansion 11.
The air-bone gap (ABG) in patients affected by chronic otitis media has been related to ossicular chain condition by some authors: in particular, narrow ABG would suggest ossicle integrity, whereas wide ABG would predict ossicular erosion 2. However, it is widely known that pathological tissue can transmit sounds replacing the damaged ossicles 12; therefore, pure-tone audiometry (PTA) does not always show the real state of the ear transmission system. Moreover, these patients can also show signs of inner ear damage with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) 13.
Although knowing the functional status of the affected ear would be crucial to plan surgery, in association with HRCT scan, they are not reliable clinical parameters which reflect the actual ear condition evaluated during surgery. If the main goal of surgery is to completely remove the pathological tissue, trying to minimize the risk of recurrence, it is indisputably true that treating cholesteatoma complications and preserving or even improving preoperative hearing level is of great importance.
The aim of this study was to describe the ossicular chain defects in chronic otitis with cholesteatoma and to correlate them with hearing function and clinical parameters such as cholestetatoma extension and its pathogenesis, age, PTA threshold, contralateral ear condition, eardrum aspect and presence of other complications.
Materials and methods
The study group was composed of 140 patients affected by middle ear chronic otitis with cholesteatoma and submitted to surgery between 2004 and 2009. Subjects who had already been operated on the same ear were excluded from the study.
Age ranged from 3 to 78 years (mean age 37); 91 (65%) were males and 49 (35%) females. There were 66 right ears (47%) and 74 left ears (53%) evaluated.
Assessment of data was carried out during tympanoplasty and recorded after surgery filling a standard form for each patient; in order to gain a uniform evaluation of data, we included only subjects operated on by the same surgeon (first author).
The day before surgery each subject underwent otologic evaluation based on otoscopy, micro-otoscopy and puretone audiometry (PTA) carried out in a soundproof chamber at the frequency range 0.25 - 8 kHz. In each case, CT scan was requested at diagnosis.
In each patient, we carefully evaluated the condition of the ossicular chain in order to determine the presence and site of lesion of each ossicle. In case of integrity of the ossicular chain, we manually checked its mobility.
We evaluated the following parameters for each patient:
age;
condition of the contralateral ear: normal or affected by chronic otitis;
pathogenesis of cholesteatoma: congenital, retraction or migration cholesteatoma;
tympanic membrane aspect: considered on the basis of the site of retraction (posterior pars tensa, atelectasis, anterior epitympanic retraction, posterior epitympanic retraction, total epitympanic retraction) or of the site of perforation in migration cholesteatoma;
extension of cholesteatoma: we considered the extension of cholesteatoma on the basis of its presence in the atrium, atticus and antrum; results were evaluated even on the basis on the number of sites interested by pathology;
presence of associated lesions such as labyrinthine fistula or tympanic facial dehiscence with epidermization;
PTA threshold.
Distribution of clinical parameters are shown in Table I.
Table I.
Clinical data.
| Contralateral ear | |||
| Normal | 79 (56%) | ||
| Chronic otitis | 61 (44%) | ||
| Tympanic membrane | |||
| Normal | 12 (8%) | Posterior attical retraction | 9 (7%) |
| Atelectasis | 13 (9%) | Anterior attical retraction | 10 (8%) |
| Posterior perforation | 12 (8%) | Total attical retraction | 10 (8%) |
| Subtotal perforation | 7 (5%) | Posterior pars tensa retraction | 67 (47%) |
| Pathogenesis | Cholesteatoma extension | ||
| Congenital | 12 (9%) | Atrium | 59 (42%) |
| Migration | 16 (11%) | Atrium- atticus | 53 (38%) |
| Retraction | 112 (80%) | Atrium-atticus-antrum | 28 (20%) |
| Other lesions | |||
| None | 117 (83%) | Cochlea | 1 (1%) |
| HSC | 4 (3%) | Facial nerve | 8 (6%) |
| SSC | 1 (1%) | HSC-Facial nerve | 9 (6%) |
Air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC) thresholds and ABG refer to mean values at 0.5-1-2-4 kHz.
Statistical evaluation of data was carried out with SPSS software, and a p level of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All patients gave their informed consent prior to inclusion in the study.
Results
Ossicular chain defects were observed in 115 of 140 patients (82%). The malleus was involved in 28 cases (20%), incus in 109 (78%) and stapes in 41 (29%). In 52 cases (45%), more than one ossicle was involved. In these cases, the association of incus and stapes was the most frequently. The pattern of ossicular lesions is reported in Figure 1.
Fig. 1.
Distribution of ossicular lesions.
In 13 of the 115 patients affected by ossicular chain lesions (11%), despite the presence of partial bone erosion, the ossicular chain was functionally in continuity. In these patients, the ossicular lesions were located at the head of malleus in 1 case (8%), at the body of the incus in 8 cases (61%), at the anterior crus of the stapes in 1 case (8%) and together at the head of the malleus and body of the incus in 3 cases (23%) (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Distribution of ossicle lesions in patients with normal ossicular chain function.
Among the 25 patients (18%) with no ossicular lesions, we found a stiffness of incus and/or malleus in 5 cases (20%) and stapes footplate fixation in 1 (3%). A footplate fixation was also observed in 7 patients affected by ossicular chain lesions (6%). Bone defects, classified on the basis of the part interested by resorption in each element of the ossicular chain, are summarized in Table II.
Table II.
Distribution of lesions in each ossicle.
| Malleus | n (%) | Incus | n (%) | Stapes | n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No lesion | 112 (80%) | Normal | 31 (22%) | Normal | 99 (71%) |
| Head | 14 (10%) | Body | 5 (4%) | Crura | 41 (29%) |
| Handle | 4 (3%) | Long process | 61 (45%) | ||
| Absence | 10 (7%) | Absence | 43 (31%) |
The second aim of this study was to determine the relations between ossicular chain defects and the clinical parameters considered. There was no significant difference in age (p > 0.05 at chi-square test) since subjects with ossicular lesions had a mean age of 38 years (SD 20) versus a mean age of 33 years (SD 20) in the group without lesions.
The distribution of the ossicular chain lesions did not differ significantly, with a chi-square test, independently of the condition of the other ear, origin of cholesteatoma, aspect of the tympanic membrane, presence of othorrea and other lesions (i.e. epithelization of the facial nerve, otic capsule fistula etc.) (Table III). Only a wider extension of cholesteatoma, expressed as the number of sites involved, was significantly associated with a higher incidence of ossicular chain lesions (p < 0.0001, chi-square test).
Table III.
Relationship between clinical parameters and condition of the ossicular chain.
| Other ear | Normal ossicular chain | Eroded ossicular chain |
|---|---|---|
| Normal | 11 (18%) | 68 (82%) |
| Chronic otitis | 14 (23%) | 47 (77%) p > 0.05 |
| Pathogenesis of cholesteatoma | ||
| Congenital | 0 (0%) | 12 (100%) |
| Migration | 3 (19%) | 13 (81%) |
| Retraction | 22 (20%) | 90 (80%) p > 0.05 |
| Aspect of the tympanic membrane | ||
| Normal | 0 (0%) | 12 (100%) |
| Posterior perforation | 2 (17%) | 10 (83%) |
| Subtotal perforation | 1 (14%) | 6 (86%) |
| Anterior attical retraction | 4 (40%) | 6 (60%) |
| Posterior attical retraction | 2 (22%) | 7 (78%) |
| Total attical retraction | 0 (0%) | 10 (100%) |
| Posterior pars tensa retraction | 15 (22%) | 52 (78%) p > 0.05 |
| Number of sites involved | ||
| 1 | 20 (34%) | 39 (66%) |
| 2 | 5 (9%) | 48 (91%) |
| 3 | 0 (0%) | 28 (100%) p < 0.0001* |
| Othorrea | ||
| No | 16 (23%) | 52 (77%) |
| Yes | 9 (12%) | 63 (88%) p > 0.05 |
| Other lesions | ||
| No | 25 (21%) | 92 (79%) |
| Yes | 0 (0%) | 23 (100%) p > 0.05 |
Beyond the results of statistical analysis, conditioned by the relatively low number of cases without lesions, it is interesting to observe that the chain was always damaged in congenital cholesteatoma, in those cases in which the cholesteatoma involved all three sites considered (atrium, atticus and antrum) and in the presence of other associated lesions, such as horizontal canal fistula or facial nerve involvement. All cases presenting normal eardrum presented an ossicular lesion since they concealed congenital cholesteatomas.
Total resorption of the malleus was more frequently found in presence of tympanic atelectasis, which was seen in 40% of these cases, while resorption of the head was more frequently found in attic retractions (70% of these cases) and handle resorption in pars tensa retractions (75% of these cases). Total resorption and long apophysis resorption of the incus were more frequently found in the presence of pars tensa retractions (respectively, 55% and 60% of these cases), while body resorption was found only in attical retractions. Stapes resorption was more frequently observed in pars tensa retractions (40% of these cases).
Subjects affected by ossicular chain defects had a significantly worse air conduction threshold, bone conduction threshold and air-bone gap by the Student's t test (Table IV). The 13 patients with ossicular lesions but without chain discontinuity had hearing thresholds similar to those who had a normal ossicular chain.
Table IV.
Relationship between hearing level and condition of the ossicular chain.
| Ossicular chain condition (n) | AC (SD) | BC (SD) | ABG (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (35) | 36 (20) | 18 (13) | 19 (12) |
| Pathological with integrity (13) | 34 (13) | 16 (5) | 17 (10) |
| Pathological without integrity (102) | 54 (18) | 26 (17) | 28 (12) |
| p | <0.0001* | <0.05* | <0.0001* |
AC = air conduction; BC = bone conduction; ABG = air-bone gap. Values, expressed in dB, represent the average threshold at 0.5-1-2-4 kHz at pure-tone audiometry; standard deviation (SD) values in brackets. Differences are significant by chi-square test (*).
In Table V, PTA values in relation to the kind of ossicular lesions are reported. AC and BC thresholds were more impaired in the case of stapes erosion and, above all, if all three ossicles were damaged, whereas ABG differences were less related to the extension of ossicular chain erosion. This pattern is clearly shown in Figure 3 in which mean PTA thresholds are divided according to the number of damaged ossicles. In case of three damaged ossicles, air and bone conduction were more impaired while the air-bone gap remained relatively stable.
Table V.
Relationship between hearing level and type of ossicular chain defect in the 102 patients who showed ossicular chain lesions.
| Ossicular chain condition (n) | AC (SD) | BC (SD) | ABG (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malleus (3) | 48 (18) | 18 (5) | 30 (15) |
| Incus (48) | 48 (18) | 23 (14) | 25 (10) |
| Stapes (3) | 58 (6) | 29 (8) | 29 (8) |
| Malleus-incus (11) | 49 (22) | 24 (12) | 25 (13) |
| Incus-Stapes (26) | 53 (16) | 24 (17) | 30 (15) |
| Malleus-Incus-Stapes (11) | 71 (18) | 39 (30) | 32 (16) |
| p | <0.0001* | <0.05* | <0.05* |
AC = air conduction; BC = bone conduction; ABG = air-bone gap. Values, expressed in dB, represent the average thresholds at 0.5-1-2-4 kHz at pure-tone audiometry; standard deviation (SD) in brackets. Differences are significant by chi-square test (*).
Fig. 3.
Hearing thresholds in relation to the number of involved ossicles.
Discussion
The aim of this study was, firstly, to describe ossicle defects in cholesteatoma and, secondly, to correlate these with clinical parameters. Chronic otitis with cholesteatoma is a subtle disease whose main symptoms are othorrea and hearing loss related to ossicle erosion. This is one of the main issues when managing patients affected by cholesteatoma since, as some previous studies have pointed out 14-17, more than two-thirds show ossicular defects. In our sample, 115 of 140 enrolled patients (82%) showed some type of ossicular chain damage, and the incus was the most frequently involved ossicle (78%). In 45% of patients, we observed more than one lesion; in this case, the involvement of the incus and stapes was most frequently present.
As expected, disease extension was significantly related to ossicular chain defects. The chances to have a normal chain were 34%, 9% and 0%, respectively, when 1, 2 or 3 middle ear sites were involved.
Concerning the site of lesion of ossicles, we found a close correlation between the origin of cholesteatoma and the part of the ossicle damaged. Therefore, the head of the malleus and the body of the incus were involved mostly in attic retractions, while atelectasis and pars tensa retractions largely determined the resorption of the long process of the incus and the resorption of the malleus.
We observed that ossicular chain suffering was not always associated with chain discontinuity. In fact, 11% of our patients presented normal hearing yet had chain lesions located far from the articulations between ossicles involving the head of the malleus, the body of the incus and one crus of the stapes. In contrast, we found stiffness of the chain due to sclerotic reactions to chronic otitis in some cases without ossicular lesions.
The presence of ossicular lesions was not related to age, condition of the other ear, origin of cholesteatoma or the presence of othorrea. The only parameter that correlated with ossicular defects was the extension of cholesteatoma since in case of mastoid antrum involvement an ossicular defect was always found. We have no information about disease duration, but greater cholesteatoma extension certainly expresses a longer disease or a more aggressive pathology, such as in younger patients or in congenital cholesteatoma, which more often determines ossicular lesions 3.
The origin of cholesteatoma and its location affect the site of ossicular lesions since atrial suffering correlates with resorption of handle of malleus, long process of the incus and crura of the stapes; on the other hand, attical cholesteatoma leads to suffering of the head of the malleus and the body of the incus. Therefore, this suggests that ossicle resorption is subsequent to the contact with cholesteatoma and not to other phenomena typical in case of chronic otitis (othorrea, dysventilation, etc.). Although some papers 12 reported that persistent ear discharge might be a parameter to predict chain discontinuity, being an indicator of severe inflammation that could lead to bone resorption, in our study no such role was evident.
An ossicular lesion determines poorer hearing than in the case of chain integrity. Worse threshold values in case of damaged ossicles were measured in AC, BC and ABG. On the other hand, the functional integrity of the ossicular chain, even in the presence of bone erosion, allows a hearing function similar to that found in case of cholesteatoma without chain involvement 12.
Among the groups with single and multiple chain defects, patients presenting only stapes and complete chain involvement, respectively, showed the worst AC and BC thresholds, while ABG seemed to be less influenced by chain condition. Moreover, air and bone conduction impairment was related to the number of damaged ossicles, while the air-bone gap remained relatively stable (Fig. 3). This pattern is explained by more significant inner ear suffering in case of wider disease extension and is related to the grade of chain involvement. This contrasts with previous studies concluding that larger air-bone gap suggests chain discontinuity 2 and shows that neither PTA nor ABG are reliable parameters on which to base the diagnostic process and predict ossicular condition. ABG is not related to ossicular chain status in case of damaged ossicles; this could be explained by the fact that, from a functional point of view, chain discontinuity leads to hearing impairment regardless of the type or number of involved ossicles.
Conclusions
Although ossicle defects in chronic otitis with cholesteatoma are frequent, and dealing with them is crucial to inform patients, plan and perform surgery, none of the preoperative clinical parameters considered seem to have a reliable role as predictors of the ossicular chain condition, underlying the importance of imaging and the otologist's experience.
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