Abstract
For years, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) had supported home use of syrup of Ipecac. However, due to mounting evidence that Ipecac use did not improve outcome nor reduce Emergency Department (ED) referrals, the AAP in November of 2003 issued a statement that Ipecac not be used for the home management of poison ingestion. To determine if the cessation of the use of Ipecac for home ingestions is associated with an increased number of follow-up calls, an increased time of observation at home and an increase in the number of ED referrals for care by poison center staff were administered. Fifty randomly selected pediatric (<6 years) cases that received Ipecac (“Ipecac” group) from January 1, 2003 to October 31, 2003 were selected for study. Up to two controls (“no Ipecac” group) were matched by age, amount ingested, and by toxin. Controls were selected from the 2004–2006 time period (Ipecac no longer in use). Fifty “Ipecac” cases and 84 “no Ipecac” controls were analyzed. The groups had no significant differences with respect to percent symptomatic, median time post-ingestion, mean age, and distribution of toxin categories (e.g., antidepressants, beta blockers, etc.). The “no Ipecac” group had nearly ten times the odds of ED referral compared to the “Ipecac” group, (OR = 9.9, 95%CI 3.3–32.2). The mean total hours of follow-up was not significantly different between the groups (diff = −1.1, t = −1.8, p = 0.07). The mean number of follow-up calls was significantly less in the “no Ipecac” group (diff = −1.4 calls, t = −6.8, p < 0.001). Toxicology consults were greater in the “no Ipecac” group (χ2 = 4.05, p = 0.04); however, consults were not associated with ED referral. For the time period from 2004 to 2006, the “no Ipecac” policy resulted in an increase in ED referrals at our center. While prior studies have shown that not using Ipecac did not affect clinical outcome, our research suggested that it may have initially influenced triaging outcome. Since the use of Ipecac by centers was once a commonly used home remedy for some ingestions (albeit without rigorously established efficacy), poison center personnel had to transition to the “no Ipecac” policy. Although our referrals increased during a transitional period of time, referral rates have since stabilized and returned to baseline.
Keywords: Ipecac, Triage, Poison Center, Decontamination, Poisoning, Emergency Department, Pediatric, Overdose, Ingestion
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (92.7 KB).
References
- 1.Shirkey H. Ipecac syrup: its use as an emetic in poison control. J Pediatr. 1966;69:139–140. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(66)80375-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.American Academy of Pediatrics C. o. (1985) Early childhood safety counseling schedule. The injury prevention program. American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL
- 3.Bond G. Home syrup of ipecac use does not reduce emergency department use or improve outcome. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1061–1064. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.5.1061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Watson W, Litovitz T, Klein-Schwartz W, Rodgers GJ, Youniss J, Reid N, et al. 2003 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med. 2004;22(5):335–404. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2004.06.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Watson W, Litovitz T, Rodgers GJ, Klein-Schwartz W, Reid N, Youniss J, et al. 2004 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med. 2005;5(23):589–666. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2005.05.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Vale JA, Meredith TJ, Proudfoot AT. Syrup of ipecacuanha: is it really useful? Br Med J. 1986;293:1321–1322. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6558.1321. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Shannon M. The demise of ipecac. Pediatrics. 2003;112:1180–1181. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.5.1180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]