Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (89.3 KB).
Footnotes
There was no outside funding of any kind used for this study.
References
- 1.De Clercq E. Antiviral agents active against influenza A viruses. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5(12):1015–1025. doi: 10.1038/nrd2175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Geldenhuys WJ, Malan SF, Bloomquist JR, et al. Pharmacology and structure-activity relationships of bioactive polycyclic cage compounds: a focus on pentacycloundecane derivatives. Med Res Rev. 2005;25(1):21–48. doi: 10.1002/med.20013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Mizoguchi K, Yokoo H, Yoshida M, et al. Amantadine increases the extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum by reuptake inhibition and by N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism. Brain Res. 1994;662(1-2):255–258. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)90821-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Danysz W, Parsons CG, Kornhuber J, et al. Aminoadamantanes as NMDA receptor antagonists and antiparkinsonian agents—preclinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1997;21(4):455–468. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(96)00037-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Paci C, Thomas A, Onofrj M. Amantadine for dyskinesia in patients affected by severe Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci. 2001;22(1):75–76. doi: 10.1007/s100720170054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Snow BJ, Macdonald L, McAuley D, et al. The effect of amantadine on levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;23(2):82–85. doi: 10.1097/00002826-200003000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Aoki FY, Sitar DS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of amantadine hydrochloride. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1988;14(1):35–51. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198814010-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Cedarbaum JM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiparkinsonian drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1987;13(3):141–178. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198713030-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Amantadine [package insert]. Generic. 1988.
- 10.Wu MJ, Ing TS, Soung LS, et al. Amantadine hydrochloride pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired renal function. Clin Nephrol. 1982;17(1):19–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Rao SS, Hofmann LA, Shakil A. Parkinson’s disease: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74(12):2046–2054. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Thomas A, Iacono D, Luciano AL, et al. Duration of amantadine benefit on dyskinesia of severe Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(1):141–143. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Simpson DM, Davis GC. Case report of neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with withdrawal from amantadine. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141(6):7967–7967. doi: 10.1176/ajp.141.6.796. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Toru M, Matsuda O, Makiguchi K, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome-state following a withdrawal of antiparkinsonian drugs. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1981;169(5):324–327. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198105000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Factor SA, Molho ES, Brown DL. Acute delirium after withdrawal of amantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1456–1458. doi: 10.1212/wnl.50.5.1456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Figa-Talamanca L, Gualandi C, Di Meo L, et al. Hyperthermia after discontinuance of levodopa and bromocriptine therapy: impaired dopamine receptors a possible cause. Neurology. 1985;35(2):258–261. doi: 10.1212/wnl.35.2.258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Gibb WR, Griffith DN. Levodopa withdrawal syndrome identical to neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 1986;62(723):59–60. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.62.723.59. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Friedman JH, Feinberg SS, Feldman RG. A neuroleptic malignantlike syndrome due to levodopa therapy withdrawal. JAMA. 1985;254(19):2792–2795. doi: 10.1001/jama.254.19.2792. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Ito T, Shibata K, Watanabe A, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome following withdrawal of amantadine in a patient with influenza A encephalopathy. Eur J Pediatr. 2001;160(6):401–401. doi: 10.1007/s004310100743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Sechi GP, Tanda F, Mutani R. Fatal hyperpyrexia after withdrawal of levodopa. Neurology. 1984;34(2):249–251. doi: 10.1212/wnl.34.2.249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Velamoor VR, Norman RM, Caroff SN, et al. Progression of symptoms in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182(3):168–173. doi: 10.1097/00005053-199403000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Khan M, Farver D. Recognition, assessment and management of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. S D J Med. 2000;53(9):395–400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Caroff S, Mann S. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1988;24:25–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Gunatilake S, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(4):464–470. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v65n0403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Murty RG, Mistry SG, Chacko RC. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with ziprasidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(6):624–626. doi: 10.1097/00004714-200212000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Addonizio G, Susman VL, Roth SD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: review and analysis of 115 cases. Biol Psychiatry. 1987;22(8):1004–1020. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(87)90010-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Shalev A, Hermesh H, Munitz H. Mortality from neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50(1):18–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Caroff SN, Mann SC, Campbell EC. Atypical Antipsychotics and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Psychiatric Annals. 2000;30(5):314–324. [Google Scholar]
- 29.Mann SC, Caroff SN, Fricchione G, et al. Central Dopamine Hypoactivity and the Pathogenesis of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Psychiatric Annals. 2000;30(5):363–374. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Hynes AF, Vickar EL. Case study: neuroleptic malignant syndrome without pyrexia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(7):959–962. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199607000-00024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Peiris DT, Kuruppuarachchi K, Weerasena LP, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome without fever: a report of three cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69(2):277–278. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.69.2.277a. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Rodriguez OP, Dowell MS. A case report of neuroleptic malignant syndrome without fever in a patient given aripiprazole. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2006;99(7):435–438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Sullivan CF. A possible variant of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:689–690. doi: 10.1192/bjp.151.5.689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Levenson JL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(10):1137–1145. doi: 10.1176/ajp.142.10.1137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Gibbons GM, Wein DA, Paula R. Profound hypothermia secondary to normal ziprasidone use. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(6):737 e1–2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.11.033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Bhanushali MJ, Tuite PJ. The evaluation and management of patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Neurol Clin. 2004;22(2):389–411. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2003.12.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Strawn J, Keck P, Caroff S. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(6):870–876. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.164.6.870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Adnet P, Lestavel P, Krivosic-Horber R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(1):129–135. doi: 10.1093/bja/85.1.129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Sakkas P, Davis JM, Janicak PG, et al. Drug treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991;27(3):381–384. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Pope HG, Aizley HG, Keck PE, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: long-term follow-up of 20 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(5):208–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Davis JM, Caroff SN, Mann SC. Treatment of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. Psychiatric Annals. 2000;30(5):325–332. [Google Scholar]
- 42.Tsutsumi Y, Yamamoto K, Matsuura S, et al. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome using dantrolene sodium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;52(4):433–438. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.00416.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Hamburg P, Weilburg JB, Cassem NH, et al. Relapse of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with early discontinuation of amantadine therapy. Compr Psychiatry. 1986;27(4):272–275. doi: 10.1016/0010-440X(86)90002-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Trollor JN, Sachdev PS. Electroconvulsive treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and report of cases. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999;33(5):650–659. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00630.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 45.Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(11):1112–1120. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra041867. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 46.Cheng PL, Hung SW, Lin LW, et al. Amantadine-induced serotonin syndrome in a patient with renal failure. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(1):112 e5–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.07.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 47.Litman RS, Rosenberg H. Malignant hyperthermia: update on susceptibility testing. JAMA. 2005;293(23):2918–2924. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.23.2918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 48.Ali SZ, Taguchi A, Rosenberg H. Malignant hyperthermia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2003;17(4):519–533. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2003.09.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 49.Kao LW, Amin Y, Kirk MA, et al. Intrathecal baclofen withdrawal mimicking sepsis. J Emerg Med. 2003;24(4):423–427. doi: 10.1016/S0736-4679(03)00039-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 50.Bianchi M, Castiglioni MG. Refractory generalized edema: an infrequent complication of long-term pergolide treatment for Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005;28(5):245–246. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 51.Blackard WG. Edema—an infrequently recognized complication of bromocriptine and other ergot dopaminergic drugs. Am J Med. 1993;94(4):445–445. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90160-Q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 52.Chou KL. Adverse Events from the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurol Clin. 2008;26(3):S65–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2008.05.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 53.Text Revision. 4th. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. [Google Scholar]