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. 2010 Nov 24;16(3):259–272. doi: 10.1007/s12298-010-0028-4

Up-regulation of antioxidant and glyoxalase systems by exogenous glycinebetaine and proline in mung bean confer tolerance to cadmium stress

Mohammad Anwar Hossain 1,2, Mirza Hasanuzzaman 1,3, Masayuki Fujita 1,✉
PMCID: PMC3550671  PMID: 23572976

Abstract

The present study investigates the possible mediatory role of exogenously applied glycinebetaine (betaine) and proline on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification systems in mung bean seedlings subjected to cadmium (Cd) stress (1 mM CdCl2, 48 h). Cadmium stress caused a significant increase in glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) content, while the ascorbate (AsA) content decreased significantly with a sharp increase in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation level (MDA). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glyoxalase I (Gly I) activities were increased in response to Cd stress, while the activities of catalase (CAT), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) were sharply decreased. Exogenous application of 5 mM betaine or 5 mM proline resulted in an increase in GSH and AsA content, maintenance of a high GSH/GSSG ratio and increased the activities of APX, DHAR, MDHAR, GR, GST, GPX, CAT, Gly I and Gly II involved in ROS and MG detoxification system as compared to the control and mostly also Cd-stressed plants, with a concomitant decrease in GSSG content, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation level. These findings together with our earlier findings suggest that both betaine and proline provide a protective action against Cd-induced oxidative stress by reducing H2O2 and lipid peroxidation levels and by increasing the antioxidant defense and MG detoxification systems.

Keywords: Antioxidant defense, Glyoxalase system, Glycinebetaine, Proline, Cadmium stress, Reactive oxygen species, Mung bean

Full Text

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Dr. Md. Abdul Malek, Principal Scientific Officer, Plant Breeding Division, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh for providing the seeds of Vigna cultivars.

Abbreviations

AO

ascorbate oxidase

APX

ascorbate peroxidase

AsA

ascorbic acid

CAT

catalase

CDNB

1- chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene

DHA

dehydroascorbate

DHAR

dehydroascorbate reductase

DTNB

5,5′-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)

EDTA

ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

Gly I

glyoxalase I

Gly II

glyoxalase II

GR

glutathione reductase

GSH

reduced glutathione

GSSG

oxidized glutathione

GPX

glutathione peroxidase

GST

glutathione S-transferase

MDA

malondialdehyde

MDHA

monodehydroascorbate

MDHAR

monodehydroascorbate reductase

MG

methylglyoxal

NTB

2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid

ROS

reactive oxygen species

SLG

S-D-lactoylglutathione

TBA

thiobarbituric acid

TCA

trichloroactic acid

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