Skip to main content
Journal of Food Science and Technology logoLink to Journal of Food Science and Technology
. 2010 Sep 8;47(4):365–371. doi: 10.1007/s13197-010-0061-x

Utilization of pomace from apple processing industries: a review

Rachana Shalini 1,, D K Gupta 2
PMCID: PMC3551016  PMID: 23572655

Abstract

In large scale apple juice industry, about 75% of apple is utilized for juice and the remaining 25% is the by-product, apple pomace. In India, total production of apple pomace is about 1 million tons per annum and only approximately 10,000 tons of apple pomace is being utilized. Generally, apple pomace is thrown away, which causes environmental pollution. As the pomace is a part of fruit, it has potential for being converted into edible products. Apple pomace is a rich source of carbohydrate, pectin, crude fiber, and minerals, and as such is a good source of nutrients. This paper reviews the work done to utilize this precious resource, which can prove useful for setting up of small scale industries.

Keywords: Apple pomace, Waste utilization, Apple processing industries, Nutritional aspects, Edible products

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (651.5 KB).

References

  1. Agrahari P.R., Khurdiya D.S. Studies on preparation and storage of RTS beverage from pulp of culled apple pomace. Indian Food Packer. 2003;57(2):56–61. [Google Scholar]
  2. Almosnino A.M., Belin J.M. Apple pomace: An enzyme system for producing aroma compounds from polyunsaturated fatty acid. Biotechnol Lett. 1991;13:893–898. doi: 10.1007/BF01022094. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anon (2004) Comprehensive study on processing of apple. Status of Apple Processing Industry in India. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India. www.scholar.google.com (Accessed on 01-04-2007)
  4. Bae D.H., Sin C.N., Ko K.H. Effect of total mixed ration including apple pomace for lactating cows. Korean J Dairy Sci. 1994;16:295–302. [Google Scholar]
  5. Bates AW, Roberts JS (2001) The utilization of apple pomace as a press aid in fruit juicing. In: IFT annual meeting — New Orleans, Louisiana: session 88E, Fruit and Vegetable Products: Processing www.ift.confex.com/ift/2001/techprogram/paper_8281.htm (Accessed on 01-04-2007)
  6. Bhalla T.C., Joshi M. Protein enrichment of apple pomace by co-culture of cellulolytic moulds and yeasts. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1994;10:116–117. doi: 10.1007/BF00357577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bielig H, Fanghaelnel K, Kuettner D, Viehweger T, Strauss J (1984) Process for manufacture of bakery products and patisserie products. German Democratic Republic Patent. DD 213587
  8. Caprez A., Arrigoni E., Neukom H., Amado R. Improvement of the sensory properties of two different fiber sources through enzymatic modifications. Lebensm Wiss Technol. 1987;20:245–250. [Google Scholar]
  9. Carson K.J., Collins J.L., Penfield M.P. Unrefined dried apple pomace as a potential food pomace as a potential food ingredient. J Food Sci. 1994;59:1213–1215. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb14679.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chen H., Ruben Thaler G.L., Lung H.K., Baranowski J.D. Chemical, physical and baking properties of apple fiber compared with wheat and oat bran. Cereal Chem. 1988;65:244–247. [Google Scholar]
  11. Chen H., Ruben Thaler G.L., Scharus E.G. Effect of apple fiber and cellulose on the physical properties of wheat flour. J Food Sci. 1988;53:304–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb10242.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  12. Coote N (1983) Impact of ethanol fruits on distillery design. In: Proc Conf Adv Ferment, Sept 21–23, Chelsea College, University of London, p 3–9
  13. Downing DL (1989) Apple cider. In: Processed apple product, Downing DL (ed), AVI Publ, West Port, Conn, p 168–186
  14. Eingor M.P., Goldenko G.B., Lovkova Z.F., Selezneva V.I. Production of blended toffees containing apple powder. Khlebopekarnaya I Konditerskaya Promyschlennost. 1984;2:24–26. [Google Scholar]
  15. Ezhov VN, Lebedev VV, Lukanin AS, Petrushevskii VV, Romanovskaya TI (1993) Wasteless. Processing of apple pressings. USSR Patent SU 1 785 639
  16. FAO (2005) Statistical database of the Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy, www.fao.org (Accessed on 01-04-2007)
  17. Fischer R. Apple pomace as a source of energy- does it pay off? Flussiger Obst. 1984;51:534–539. [Google Scholar]
  18. Gentschen L.N. Extraction of Pectin — developments, problems, prospects. V. Countercurrent extraction of pectin. Ind Obst Gemuse-Verwertung. 1988;73:17–21. [Google Scholar]
  19. A Reference annual. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. New Delhi: Government of India; 2004. [Google Scholar]
  20. Hang Y.D. Production of fuels and chemicals from apple pomace. Food Technol. 1987;41(3):115–117. [Google Scholar]
  21. Hang Y.D., Lee C.Y., Woodams E.E. A solid state fermentation system for production of ethanol from apple pomace. J Food Sci. 1982;47:1851–1852. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb12897.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hang Y.D., Lee C.Y., Woodams E.E., Cooley H.J. Production of alcohol from apple pomace. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981;42(6):1128–1129. doi: 10.1128/aem.42.6.1128-1129.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hang Y.D., Woodams E.E. Solid state fermentation of apple pomace for citric acid production. Mircen. J Appl Microbial Biotechnol. 1986;2:283–287. doi: 10.1007/BF00933494. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hang Y.D., Woodams E.E. Apple pomace, a potential substrate for production of -glucosidase by Aspergillus foetidus. Lebensm Wiss Technol. 1994;27:587–589. doi: 10.1006/fstl.1994.1115. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hang Y.D., Woodams E.E. -Fructofuranosidase production by Aspergillus species from apple pomace. Lebensm Wiss Technol. 1995;28:348–392. [Google Scholar]
  26. Hinsch D, Simon M (1992) Process for utilization of wastes from apple peeling plants and the products. German Federal Republic Patent DE 4115 162 C1
  27. Hours R.A., Voget C.E., Ertola R.J. Apple pomace as a raw material for pectinase production in solid state culture. Biological Wastes. 1988;23:221–228. doi: 10.1016/0269-7483(88)90036-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  28. Ihl M., Astete G., Bifani V. Precipitation of pectins from apple pomace from the Araucania region of Chile with ethanol or aluminium chloride. Rev Espanola Cien Technol Aliment. 1992;32:185–197. [Google Scholar]
  29. Jewell W.J., Cummings K.J. Apple pomace energy and solids recovery. J Food Sci. 1984;49:407–410. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb12433.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  30. Joshi V.K. Fruit wines. Directorate of Extension Education. 2nd edn. Solan, India: Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry; 1997. pp. 1–35. [Google Scholar]
  31. Joshi V.K., Kaushal N.K., Thakur N.S. Apple pomace sauce development, quality of fresh and stored products. J Food Sci Technol. 1996;33:414–419. [Google Scholar]
  32. Joshi V.K., Sandhu D.K. Solid State Fermentation of Apple Pomace for Production of Ethanol and Animal Feed. In: Pandey A., editor. Solid state fermentation. New Delhi: Eastern Wiley Publ Co.; 1994. pp. 93–98. [Google Scholar]
  33. Joshi V.K., Sandhu D.K. Preparation and evaluation of animal feed using solid state fermentation of apple. Bioreactor Technol. 1996;56:251–255. doi: 10.1016/0960-8524(96)00040-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  34. Joshi V.K., Sandhu D.K., Attri B.L., Walia R.K. Cider preparation from apple juice concentrate and its consumer acceptability. J Hortic. 1991;48:321–327. [Google Scholar]
  35. Kaushal N.K., Joshi V.K. Preparation and evaluation of apple pomace based cookies. Indian Food Packer. 1995;49(5):17–24. [Google Scholar]
  36. Kaushal N.K., Joshi V.K., Sharma R.C. Effect of stage of apple pomace collection and the treatment on the physical-chemical and sensory qualities of pomace papad (fruit cloth) J Food Sci Technol. 2002;39:388–393. [Google Scholar]
  37. Kranzler GA, Davis DC (1981) Energy potential of fruit juice processing residues. ASAE Paper Nr 81-6006, p 8
  38. Lane A.G. Methane from anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable processing wastes. Food Technol Aust. 1979;31:201–207. [Google Scholar]
  39. Manimehalai N. Fruit and waste utilization. Bev Food World. 2007;34(11):53–54. [Google Scholar]
  40. Miller J.E., Weathers P.J., McConville F.X., Goldberg M. Saccharification and ethanol fermentation of apple pomace. Biotechnol Bioeng Symp. 1982;12:183–191. [Google Scholar]
  41. Narang M.P., Lal R. Evaluation of some agro industrial wastes in the feed of Jersey calves. Agric Wastes. 1985;13:15–21. doi: 10.1016/0141-4607(85)90008-3. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ngadi M.O., Correia L.R. Kinetics of solid state fermentation from apple pomace. J Food Eng. 1992;17:97–116. doi: 10.1016/0260-8774(92)90055-B. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  43. Patt V.A., Vasin M.I., Shcherbatenko V.V., Petrash I.P., Kramynina A.A., Kuzetsova N.V. Use of powdered fruit preparation in bread making. Khlebopekarnaya i Konditerskaya Promyshlennost. 1984;1:18–20. [Google Scholar]
  44. Rahmat H., Hodge R.A., Manderson G.J., Yu P.L. Solid substrate fermentation of Kloeckera apiculata and Candida utilis on apple pomace to produce an improved stock feed. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1995;11:168–170. doi: 10.1007/BF00704641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ramm A., Baumann G., Gierschner K. Waxes, including triterpenoids, in dried apple pomace and in dried residues after the extraction of pectin. Ind Obst Gemiisevverwertung. 1994;79:2–9. [Google Scholar]
  46. Rotova G.P. Waste free technology for apple processing. Pishchevaya Promyschlennost. 1983;1:49–50. [Google Scholar]
  47. Sargent S.A., Steffe J.F., Pierson T.R. The economic feasibility of in-plant combustion of apple processing wastes. Agric Wastes. 1986;15(2):85–96. doi: 10.1016/0141-4607(86)90040-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  48. Shah G.H., Masoodi F.A. Studies on the utilization of wastes from apple processing plants. Indian Food Packer. 1994;48(5):47–52. [Google Scholar]
  49. Sharma R.C., Joshi V.K. Processing. In: Chadha K.L., Awasthi R.P., editors. The Apple: Improvement, production and postharvest management. New Delhi: Malhotra Publ; 2001. pp. 428–483. [Google Scholar]
  50. Sharma T.R., Lal B.B., Kumar S., Goswami A.K. Pectin from different varieties of Himachal Pradesh apples. Indian Food Packer. 1985;39(4):53–57. [Google Scholar]
  51. Sharma V.K. Sev Ke Upiyogita-Sev Utpadan aur Sanrakashan. Shimla: Him Publ; 1994. pp. 1–32. [Google Scholar]
  52. Sun J., Hu X., Zhao G., Wu J., Wang Z., Chen F., Liao X. Characteristics of thin layer infrared drying of apple pomace with and without hot air pre-drying. Food Sci Technol Int. 2007;13(2):91–97. doi: 10.1177/1082013207078525. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  53. Vasil’ev Y. I., Morozov A.N., Zaiko G.M., Moiseeva V.G. The utilization of waste from vegetable and fruit canning plants. Konservnaya-i-Ovoshchesushil’naya-Promyshlennost. 1976;3:32–34. [Google Scholar]
  54. Voget C.E., Mignone C.F., Ertola R.J. Butanol production from apple pomace. Biotechnol Lett. 1985;7:43–46. doi: 10.1007/BF01032418. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  55. Walter R.H., Rao M.A., Shermram R.M., Cooley H.J. Edible fibers from apple pomace. J Food Sci. 1985;50:747–749. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1985.tb13787.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  56. Wang H.J., Thomas R.L. Direct use of apple pomace in bakery products. J Food Sci. 1989;54:618–620. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1989.tb04665.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  57. Waugh A.J.B. Apple pomace — Waste or asset. South African Food Rev. 1981;8:27–36. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of food science and technology are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES