Durable Complete Remission of a Brainstem Glioma Treated with a Combination of Bevacizumab and Cetuximab

Abstract

Treatment of a relapsed glioma is a clinical challenge nowadays. New active treatments are required to treat these difficult diseases. Here we present a durable complete remission of a relapsed glioblastoma that has achieved a complete radiologic response with the combination of cetuximab and bevacizumab, in a third-line setting, that has offered a progression-free survival of 20 months. We consider here both potential mechanisms for the explanation of this result. First, the potential target of the cancer stem cells (CSCs) with these two antibodies, and second, the potential recruitment of the immune system to directly pursue the CSCs.

Introduction

Human brain tumors, both in pediatric cases and in adults, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. These tumors remain difficult to cure despite advances in surgery and adjuvant therapy techniques. Median survival in patients with glioblastoma is approximately 12 months after surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy [1]. The role of chemotherapy in gliomas after relapse is unclear [2, 3, 4]. There are no documented benefits from the use of chemotherapy on these fatal tumors [5, 6]. However, previously published reports on the use of irinotecan and bevacizumab in patients with recurrent supratentorial malignant gliomas showed that these chemotherapies led to occasional radiographic responses with marginal improvement in progression-free survival [7, 8, 9].

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that malignant tumors contain cancer stem cells (CSCs) [10, 11], and these CSCs constitute a minor fraction of a given tumor. CSCs are capable of self-renewal, potent differentiation, exclusive tumorigenicity and drug resistance [12, 13]. The CSC hypothesis claims that, despite rigorous therapy, clinical relapse of tumors is inevitable as long as CSCs remain in the host [13]. This has been supported by observations in models of breast cancer [11], acute myeloid leukemia [14, 15], and brain tumors [16], where isolated CSCs initiated new tumors when injected into experimental animals.

One of the important issues for CSCs in gliomas is whether they contribute to the process of neovascularization, which includes angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. This is because stem cells produce higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is inhibited by the VEGF-neutralizing antibody, bevacizumab [17]. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has also been reported to be important to glioma CSCs, and it has been implicated in glioma aggressiveness, treatment unresponsiveness, and shortened survival [18].

In this paper, we report our experience with bevacizumab and cetuximab in an adult patient with progressive brainstem glioma.

Case Report

We reviewed the medical record of a patient from the Hospital de Denia – Marina Salud. The patient, a man, born in 1969, presented in March 2007 with progressive headaches, dizziness and dysgeusia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast enhancement in a 5 × 5 × 5 cm ring demonstrated a right temporal mass of a cystic nature along with edema (fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

MRI March 2007. Initial diagnosis.

Total removal of the tumor was performed on March 3, 2007, and the tumor was histologically proven to be a glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The patient underwent standard treatments of adjuvant radiotherapy (60 Gy in 6 weeks) and adjuvant chemotherapy with administration of temozolomide, first administered concomitantly with radiotherapy (75 mg/m²/day), then administered sequentially (150 mg/m²/day for 5 days in each cycle of 28 days, for 6 cycles).

MRI follow-up at 8 months after resection revealed suspicious signs of a local relapse in the surgical bed without areas of restricted diffusion. The hypometabolic lesion was followed until September 2008, when the patient suffered hemiparesis in the upper and lower extremities on the left side. MRI scans demonstrated new contrast-enhancing areas of an infiltrative tumor in the right temporal mass and corpus callosum (fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

MRI September 2008.

The patient was then started on intravenous irinotecan administered once every 2 weeks for 3 cycles, but he did not exhibit any improvement. At this point, the patient came to our hospital for a second opinion. Because there is not a defined treatment for recurrent stages of glioblastoma, we discussed the option of using bevacizumab. Bevacizumab, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, extends progression-free survival and has a steroid-sparing effect in glioblastoma patients relative to historical controls [7, 9, 19]. The patient refused to continue with irinotecan in any of the potential drug combinations.

After weighing the options and considering the potential dependence of CSCs on VEGF and EGFR, we recommended treatment with a combination of 500 mg/m² cetuximab and 10 mg/kg bevacizumab every two weeks. During administration of bevacizumab and cetuximab, the patient did not suffer from any relevant adverse events due to the drugs. The major side effects noted were a grade 2 acneiform skin reaction and dermatitis. The patient showed objective clinical improvement of his symptoms after only two cycles (fig. 3).

Fig. 3.

MRI July 2009.

The patient continued to show dramatic clinical improvement. Interval MRIs showed continuing decreases in the degree of contrast enhancement (fig. 4), and the patient was considered to be in complete radiological remission as of February 2011, when radiological relapse was documented, for a total of 20 months of progression-free survival (fig. 5).

Fig. 4.

MRI February 2010.

Fig. 5.

MRI at relapse. February 2011.

Discussion

GBM is a very aggressive primary brain tumor resulting in a short life expectancy for patients after diagnosis and with a grim prognosis despite maximal treatment [20]. The role of conventional chemotherapy in the treatment of diffusely infiltrative gliomas remains unclear. Furthermore, the effectiveness of chemotherapy after relapse is uncertain. It has been suggested that tumorigenicity and resistance to therapy might not be a feature of all cells in the bulk tumor mass, but rather a feature of a select population of cells with a stem-like phenotype [21], the CSCs. This select population of stem-like cells from human GBMs displayed potential pro-angiogenic activity, adhesion molecule expression and chemoresistance, all features likely to contribute to glioma relapse and progression. Based on these reasons, we used a combination of bevacizumab and cetuximab to directly target CSCs. Therefore, clinical improvement in our patient following bevacizumab and cetuximab combined therapy could be attributable on one side to a direct effect of both drugs on the tumor by respectively neutralizing the excess of VEGF secretion and by blocking the binding of EGF and other ligands to EGFR as well as by promoting downregulation of the receptor, mainly in the CSC subpopulation.

On the other side an additional immunomodulatory effect carried out by a synergistic action of both drugs aimed to fully eliminate residual CSC after chemotherapy should not be discarded. We suggest that binding of both antibodies to their targets could activate the complement system and would facilitate contact of opsonized tumor cells and molecules with granulocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells through the different FcγR displayed on their membranes thus increasing phagocytosis and promoting destruction of tumor cells through cell-to-cell contact mechanisms. A progressive increase of the proinflammatory environment around the tumor would completely activate more dendritic cells and other antigen-presenting cells, rendering them immunogenic and thus facilitating tumor antigen presentation to lymphocytes. This would progressively transform the immunosuppressive environment (tolerance) into a complete Th1 environment characterized by a significant increase of cellular immunity necessary for a complete tumor removal, including CSC. A decrease of the function and/or number of regulatory T cells (Treg) as a result of a dominant proinflammatory environment might also contribute to this positive response against the tumor.

We recommend future research to be done with these two drugs in this type of difficult clinical situations.

Disclosure Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.