Table 4.
Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for migraine in relation to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21)
| Migraine |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric Symptoms | No (N=1,939) n (%) | Yes(N=212) n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | *Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
| Depression | ||||
| Normal (0-9) | 1,823 (94.0) | 191 (89.6) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Mild (10-13) | 55 (2.8) | 8 (3.8) | 1.38 (0.65,2.95) | 1.31 (0.59,2.74) |
| Moderate (14-20) | 35 (1.8) | 10 (4.7) | 2.45 (1.16,5.19) | 2.29 (1.03,5.11) |
| Severe (≥21) | 12 (0.6) | 3 (1.4) | 2.38 (0.67,8.53) | 2.41 (0.65,8.90) |
| Missing | 14 (0.7) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| P-value for trend | 0.007 | 0.012 | ||
| Anxiety | ||||
| Normal (0-7) | 1,782 (91.9) | 179 (83.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Mild (8-9) | 62 (3.2) | 14 (6.6) | 2.24 (1.23,4.09) | 2.28 (1.24,4.21) |
| Moderate (10-14) | 67 (3.4) | 12 (5.6) | 1.78 (0.96,3.35) | 1.77 (0.93,3.35) |
| Severe (≥15) | 15 (0.8) | 8 (3.8) | 5.31 (2.22,12.69) | 5.39 (2.19,13.24) |
| Missing | 13 (0.6) | 1 (0.4) | ||
| P-value for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Stress | ||||
| Normal (0-14)) | 1,797 (94.4) | 196 (92.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Mild (15-18) | 61 (3.2) | 4 (1.9) | 0.60 (0.22,1.67) | 0.39 (0.12,1.29) |
| Moderate (19-25) | 31 (1.6) | 6 (2.8) | 1.77 (0.73,4.31) | 1.58 (0.64,3.90) |
| Severe (≥26) | 15 (0.8) | 6 (2.8) | 3.67 (1.41,9.56) | 3.57 (1.35,9.46) |
| Missing | 35 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| P-value for trend | 0.002 | 0.062 | ||
*
Adjusted for age, sex, occupation, and body mass index