Background
13C Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) with rapid dissolution together with Magnetic Resonance Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) have been used for non-invasive real-time metabolic assessment in cardiac experimental models on a clinical 3T scanner. Here, we report an in vivo comparison of hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate and [1-13C] acetate perfusion and metabolism: a method based on a 3D Spiral CSI sequence is presented for obtaining spatially and spectrally-resolved information on whole heart cardiac metabolism.
Methods
In this work hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate and [1-13C] acetate were injected in vivo to obtain spatially and spectrally resolved information of basal metabolism on whole heart in middle size animal models. Five healthy male farm pigs (38±2 kg) were studied in basal condition and subjected to imaging experiments performed on a 3T GE Signa HDx scanner using a 13C-quadrature birdcage coil (Rapid Biomedical). An HyperSense DNP polarizer (Oxford Inst.) was employed for the studies: a procedure for the hyperpolarization and dissolution of a large dose of TRIS-[1-13C]acetate water/glycerol mixture was set up while the preparation of a large dose of [1-13C] pyruvic acid was performed as recently published by this group. An anatomical region of interest covering the whole heart was first acquired with a proton reference scan and the metabolic information was then obtained using 3D IDEAL spiral CSI on the same region. Image re-slicing along cardiac short axis (SA) views and image fusion of 13C metabolite maps and anatomical 1H reference images were performed by PMOD software.
Results
A graph of the γ-variate and mono-exponential fitting of hyperpolarized [1-13C] acetate myocardial spectroscopic signals is reported in Figure 1 while a representative map in SA orientation through the heart is shown in Figure 2: [1-13C] acetate is extracted inside the heart and clearly detected in the heart-chambers and myocardial wall. Representative maps of spatial distribution of [1-13C]bicarbonate, [1-13C] lactate and [1-13C] pyruvate in SA orientation through the heart are also produced using hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate.
Figure 1.
13C dynamic spectra were acquired using a slice selective pulse-and-acquire sequence (bandwidth 5000 Hz, 2048 pts, 10° FA). A long-axis slice of 20 mm was selected during excitation. Spectra were acquired from the beginning of the injection of the hyperpolarized [1-13C] acetate, every 2 s, for 120 s. Diagrammatic representation of the γ-variate and mono-exponential fitting of cardiac spectroscopic signal to obtain rate constants (N=4).
Figure 2.
Representative maps in SA view of the heart showing the in vivo spatial distribution of hyperpolarized TRIS-[1-13C] acetate in pigs; spectroscopic data were normalized to the maximum value of signal amplitude.
Conclusions
A comparison between acetate and pyruvate 13C-mapping has been realised as far as we know for the first time in pigs with this experimental approach. This ongoing study demonstrates the feasibility of whole-heart 13C-cardiac metabolic imaging in pigs for detecting and mapping cardiac metabolism in basal condition with hyperpolarized [1-13C]acetate in comparison with [1-13C] pyruvate.
This study is the first step towards the optimization of the [1-13C] acetate concentration and the acquisition sequence parameters to ensure suitable MR signals in myocardial tissue and to study its metabolic fate.
Funding
Self funding.