Skip to main content
. 2012 Oct 1;8(4):114–124. doi: 10.4161/org.23306

Table 2: Properties, functions and costs of various forms of bone grafts and substitutes.

  Osteoconductive Osteoinductive Osteogenic Structural Costs Disadvantages
Autograft
  
  
  
  
  
  
Cancellous
 +++
 +++
 +++
 +
 -
 Donor site morbidity, increased OR time, increased blood loss
Cortical
 +
 +
 +
 +++
 -
 as above
Vascularize bone
 ++
 +
 ++
 +++
 -
 as above
Bone marrow aspirate
 +/-
 ++
 +++
 -
 -
 as above
Platelet-rich plasma
 -
 +++
 -
 -
 -a
 Controversial, unproven efficacy
Allograft
  
  
  
  
  
  
Cancellous
 +
 +/-b
 -
 +
 $376/30ccc
 Potential infection transmission, no osteogenic potential, potential host rejection
Cortical
 +
 +/-d
 -
 +++
 $530–1,681/3–20 cme
 as above
DBM
 +
 ++
 -
 -
 $726–1,225/10 mLf
 No structural properties, potential host rejection
Synthetic ceramics
  
  
  
  
  
  
Calcium sulfate
 +
 -
 -
 ++
 $655/10 mLg
 Rapid resorption (faster than bone growth), osteoconductive properties only
Calcium phosphate
 +
 -
 -
 +++
 $1520/10 mLg
 Osteoconductive properties only
Tricalcium phosphate
 +
 -
 -
 ++
 $875/10 mLg
 Osteoconductive properties only
Other
  
  
  
  
  
  
rhBMPs +/-e + + - $3,500–5,000e Expensive, limited FDA approval, limited indications, increasing evidence of neurovascular complications when used in the spine

a Excludes preparation costs; b+, typically with fresh allografts; -, typically with frozen-preserved allografts; cCancellous chips/freeze dried $376/30mL;25d+, typically with fresh allografts; -, typically with frozen-preserved allografts; efor femoral shaft allograft 3-20cm $530–1,681;25fGrafton/Allomatrix;25gPrices are based on the ASP for several market leaders of such pure products: calcium sulfate (Osteoset, Wright), calcium phosphate (CopiOs, Zimmer Spine), β-tricalcium phosphate [Vitoss (standard morsels canisters), Orthovita]; h+ when delivered via collagen-based carriers; iOP-1 (Stryker) $5,000;25 Infuse (Medtronic-Sofamor Danek) $3,500–4,900, small–large