Abstract
Aim
To determine the prevalence of low back pain (LBP), investigate the sociodemographic characteristics of patients with LBP, and examine its association with psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and somatization.
Subjects and methods
Of the 2742 patients approached, 2180 agreed to participate in this cross-sectional study (79.5% response rate). The survey was conducted among primary health care visitors from March to October 2012 and collected sociodemographic details and LBP characteristics. General Health Questionnaire-12 was used to identify the probable cases. Anxiety was assessed with Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, depression was assessed with Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and somatization was measured with Patient Health Questionnaire-15.
Results
The study sample consisted of 52.9% males and 47.1% females. The prevalence of LBP was 59.2%, comprising 46.1% men and 53.9% women. LBP was significantly higher in Qataris (57.9%), women (53.9%), housewives (40.1%), and individuals with higher monthly income (53.9%). Somatization (14.9%) was observed more in LBP patients, followed by depression (13.7%) and anxiety disorders (9.5%). The most frequently reported symptoms were “headaches” (41.1%) and “pain in your arms, legs, or joints” (38.5%) in LBP patients with somatization. The most frequent symptoms among depressed LBP patients were “thinking of suicide or wanting to hurt yourself” (51.4%) and “feeling down, depressed, or hopeless” (49.2%). “Not being able to stop or control worrying” (40.2%), “worrying too much about different things” (40.2%), and “feeling afraid as if something awful might happen” (40.2%) were the most common anxiety symptoms in LBP patients. Psychological distress such as anxiety (9.5% versus 6.2%), depression (13.7% versus 8.5%), and somatization (14.9% versus 8.3%) were significantly higher in LBP patients.
Conclusion
The prevalence of LBP in this study sample was comparable with other studies. Furthermore, psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and somatization were more prevalent in LBP patients compared to patients without LBP.
Keywords: somatization, anxiety, depression, low back pain, primary health care
Introduction
Low back pain (LBP) is an increasing economic and health problem affecting nearly 80% of the general population.1 LBP, a leading cause of disability, has a significant economic impact not only on lost productivity, but also on health care expenditure. LBP is ranked first as a cause of disability and inability to work, and is expected to affect most adults at some point during their lifetime.2 It is a symptom commonly presented to general practitioners. It is an important clinical and public health problem, and is the most common illness among humans after the common cold. LBP is the most prevalent form of chronic musculoskeletal pain worldwide, often leading to disability.3 It has been established that LBP is the second most frequent cause of disability in the European adult population. Eight in every ten adults experience LBP at some point in their lifetime.
LBP is a complex condition produced by multiple factors. There is evidence that psychosocial difficulties and psychological factors might be associated with LBP.4 Despite the recognition that excessive pain complaints are associated with psychological problems, the exact relationship between pain behavior and psychological factors continues to be unclear. It was reported that LBP can have a substantial negative impact on quality of life and that psychological distress is common in patients with LBP.5 The hypothesis is that subjects exhibiting excessive pain complaints would be more depressed than those who do not exhibit excessive levels of pain complaints. Due to its medical, social, and financial importance, LBP is an important concern of the medical world. It was reported that the risk of LBP increases rapidly with greater amounts of physical work and psychological distress.4 Primary prevention studies are important to identify the risk factors predictive of LBP before additional interventions can be developed.
A previous study by Bener et al reported that depression and somatization were very common in LBP patients.5 Also, a recent study observed a high rate of comorbidity of somatization, depression, anxiety, and stress in the studied population and indicated a strong association between these psychological disorders in patients.6 Considering the results of these two studies, the authors understood the importance of focusing on LBP issues in the general population of Qatar and exploring the potential psychological differences between patients with and without LBP. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of LBP and sociodemographic characteristics of LBP patients and examine its association with psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and somatization.
Subjects and methods
This is a cross-sectional study and the study included subjects aged 15–65 years who attended primary health care centers throughout Qatar. Primary health care centers are frequented by all levels of the general population as a gateway to specialist care. The study was conducted among patients visiting twelve health centers – nine centers from urban areas and three centers from semi-urban areas as a representative sample of the community.
Data collection took place from March to October 2012. Qualified nurses were trained to interview the patients and complete the questionnaires. A representative sample of 2742 subjects aged 15–65 years was computed based on a reported prevalence of LBP in the United Arab Emirates (50%–64%) with a 2.5% error of estimation and 5% level of significance (type I error).7,8 Accordingly, 2742 subjects aged 15–65 years were approached and 2180 subjects agreed to take part in this study, thus giving a response rate of 79.5%. Verbal consent was taken from every patient after explaining the objective of the study and its importance to the community. The study excluded patients aged < 15 years and >65 years, patients with any cognitive or physical impairment, and patients who refused to give consent to take part in the study. Elderly individuals > 65 years are at high risk for any kind of physical impairment.
The survey instrument was tested on 100 patients who visited the health centers and thus validated the questionnaire. The questions related to LBP in the questionnaire confirmed the number of patients with LBP in the studied population. For identifying the psychiatric disorders, the twelve-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)9 was used to identify the probable cases in the studied population. After identifying the probable cases for psychiatric disorders, the Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item depression module (PHQ-9),10 seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7),11 and PHQ 15-item somatic symptom module (PHQ-15)12 were used to investigate the somatization, depression, and anxiety of the subjects, respectively. Each questionnaire is scored by summing the ratings for all questions. A score of ≥15 on PHQ-15 and PHQ-9 indicates a severe somatization disorder and severe depression, respectively. A score of ≥11 on GAD-7 indicates severe anxiety.
The first part of the questionnaire included the sociodemographic details of the patients and other factors involved with the LBP. The second part was the diagnostic screening questionnaire which consisted of questions about symptoms and signs of mental disorders such as anxiety disorder, depression, and somatization. Patients were asked to answer the questions by grading them from zero to three (zero for “not at all,” one for “several days,” two for “more than half the days,” and three for “nearly every day”) for depression and anxiety disorders. For somatic symptoms, questions were graded from zero to two (zero for “bothered not at all,” one for “bothered a little,” and two for “bothered a lot”). The data was collected through a validated self-administered questionnaire with the help of qualified nurses. The nurses conducted a face-to-face interview with every patient and completed the questionnaires. The psychiatrists had screened the completed psychiatric questionnaires for their adequacy in confirming probable cases of LBP.
For some participants who were illiterate, the nurses read out the questions to complete the questionnaires. Following completion of the questionnaires by the patient, the provisional diagnosis score was calculated from the responses, which then was confirmed by psychiatrists. Approval was obtained from the Hamad Medical Corporation Institutional Review Board for conducting this research in Qatar.
Assumptions of normal distribution and homogeneity of variance were checked for continuous scale variables such as depression, somatization, and anxiety scores by using histograms with normal distribution curves and Levene’s test, respectively. Since the assumptions were fulfilled, Student’s t-test was used to ascertain the significance of differences between mean values of two continuous variables and confirmed by the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. Chi-squared analysis was performed to test for differences in proportions of categorical variables between two or more groups. In 2 × 2 tables, the Fisher’s exact test (two-tailed) replaced the Chi-squared test if the assumptions underlying Chi-squared were violated, ie, in cases of small sample size and when the expected frequency was less than five in any of the cells. P < 0.05 was considered as the cut-off value for significance.
Results
Table 1 reveals the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects studied according to their LBP status. The prevalence of LBP was 59.2% in the studied population comprising 52.9% men and 47.1% women. The majority of subjects were 45–54 years old (36.9%). LBP was significantly higher in Qataris (57.9%; P < 0.001), women (53.9%; P < 0.001), housewives (40.1%; P < 0.001), and individuals with higher monthly income (53.9%; P = 0.002). Smokers (20.5%; P = 0.003), overweight individuals (45.4%; P < 0.001), and subjects using a sponge mattress for sleeping (47.8%; P = 0.020) had a significantly higher frequency of LBP.
Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population according to low back pain (LBP)
| Variables | Total n = 2180 | LBP n = 1290 | Without LBP n = 890 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age groups (years) | ||||
| <35 | 313 (14.4) | 197 (15.3) | 116 (13.0) | 0.438 |
| 35–44 | 483 (22.2) | 276 (21.4) | 207 (23.3) | |
| 45–54 | 805 (36.9) | 477 (37.0) | 328 (36.9) | |
| ≥55 | 579 (26.6) | 340 (26.0) | 239 (26.9) | |
| Nationality | ||||
| Qatari | 1097 (50.3) | 747 (57.9) | 350 (39.3) | <0.001 |
| Non-Qatari | 1083 (49.7) | 543 (42.1) | 540 (60.7) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 1153 (52.9) | 595 (46.1) | 558 (62.7) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1027 (47.1) | 695 (53.9) | 332 (37.3) | |
| Body mass index | ||||
| <24.9 | 670 (30.7) | 336 (26.0) | 334 (37.5) | <0.001 |
| 25–30 | 1011 (46.4) | 586 (45.4) | 425 (47.8) | |
| >30 | 499 (22.9) | 368 (28.5) | 131 (14.7) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 158 (7.2) | 87 (6.7) | 71 (8.0) | 0.275 |
| Married | 2022 (92.8) | 1203 (93.3) | 819 (92.0) | |
| Education level | ||||
| Illiterate | 350 (16.1) | 211 (16.4) | 139 (15.6) | 0.331 |
| Elementary | 417 (19.1) | 254 (19.7) | 163 (18.3) | |
| Intermediate | 462 (21.2) | 256 (19.8) | 206 (23.1) | |
| Secondary | 497 (22.8) | 305 (23.6) | 192 (21.6) | |
| University | 454 (20.8) | 264 (20.5) | 190 (21.3) | |
| Occupational status | ||||
| Housewife | 692 (31.7) | 517 (40.1) | 175 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Sedentary and professional | 385 (17.7) | 200 (15.5) | 185 (20.8) | |
| Clerk | 732 (33.6) | 372 (28.8) | 360 (40.4) | |
| Business | 212 (9.7) | 114 (8.8) | 98 (11.0) | |
| Army/police | 159 (7.3) | 87 (6.7) | 72 (8.1) | |
| Monthly income (QAR) | ||||
| ≤10,000 | 945 (43.3) | 595 (46.1) | 350 (39.3) | 0.002 |
| >10,000 | 1235 (56.7) | 695 (53.9) | 540 (60.7) | |
| Place of living | ||||
| Urban | 2083 (95.6) | 1230 (95.3) | 853 (95.8) | 0.583 |
| Rural | 97 (4.4) | 60 (4.7) | 37 (4.2) | |
| Housing condition | ||||
| Villa | 809 (37.1) | 469 (36.4) | 340 (38.2) | 0.594 |
| Apartment | 1299 (59.6) | 780 (60.5) | 519 (58.3) | |
| Traditional house/mud house | 72 (3.3) | 41 (3.2) | 31 (3.5) | |
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Yes | 402 (18.4) | 264 (20.5) | 138 (15.5) | 0.003 |
| No | 1778 (81.6) | 1026 (79.5) | 752 (84.5) | |
| Type of air conditioning | ||||
| Unit | 1470 (67.4) | 885 (68.6) | 585 (65.7) | 0.159 |
| Central | 710 (32.6) | 405 (31.4) | 305 (34.3) | |
| Type of bed mattress | ||||
| Orthopedic | 829 (38.0) | 491 (38.1) | 338 (38.0) | 0.020 |
| Sponge | 1076 (49.4) | 616 (47.8) | 460 (51.7) | |
| Cotton | 275 (12.6) | 183 (14.2) | 92 (10.3) | |
Notes: Data represent n (%); two-sided P-values are based on Pearson’s Chi-squared test.
Table 2 shows the mean scores of somatization, depression, and anxiety in subjects with and without LBP. The mean score of anxiety (8.1 ± 2.9 versus 6.4 ± 3.3; P < 0.001), depression (10.1 ± 3.3 versus 9.0 ± 3.5; P = 0.001), and somatization (16.1 ± 4.3 versus 14.2 ± 5.6; P < 0.001) was significantly higher in patients with LBP compared to subjects without LBP.
Table 2.
Mean scores of anxiety, depression, and somatization among subjects with and without LBP
| Variable | LBP n = 1290 | Without LBP n = 890 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental health severity (mean scores) | |||
| PHQ-9 depression score (0–24)a | 10.1 ± 3.3 | 9.0 ± 3.5 | 0.001 |
| PHQ-15 somatization score (0–30)b | 16.1 ± 4.3 | 14.2 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
| GAD-7 anxiety score (0–21)c | 8.1 ± 2.9 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
Notes: Data represent data ± standard deviation; two-sided P-values are based on Student’s t-test and Pearson’s Chi-squared test;
severe depression indicated by scores ≥ 15;
severe somatization indicated by scores ≥ 15;
severe anxiety indicated by scores ≥ 11.
Abbreviations: GAD-7, seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; LBP, low back pain; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item depression module; PHQ-15, Patient Health Questionnaire 15-item somatic symptom module.
Table 3 examines the symptom frequencies of anxiety, depression, and somatization among patients with LBP. The most frequently reported symptom was “headaches” (41.1%), followed by “pain in your arms and legs or joints” (38.5%). For LBP patients with depression, the most frequent symptoms were “thinking of suicide or wanting to hurt yourself” (51.4%) and “feeling down, depressed, or hopeless” (49.2%). “Not being able to stop or control worrying” (40.2%), “worrying too much about different things” (40.2%), and “feeling afraid as if something awful might happen” (40.2%) were the most commonly rated anxiety symptoms. The least reported somatization symptom in LBP patients was “shortness of breath” (17.2%), while “feeling tired or having little energy” (16.4%) was the least reported depression symptom in depressed LBP patients. “Trouble relaxing” (20.5%) was the least reported symptom in anxiety patients.
Table 3.
Distribution of symptoms of somatization, depression, and anxiety in low back pain patients (n = 1290)
| Symptoms | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Somatic symptoms: PHQ-15 (n = 192) | |
| 1. Stomach pain | 60 (31.2) |
| 2. Pain in your arms, legs, or joints | 74 (38.5) |
| 3. Menstrual cramps or other problems with periods (women only; n = 128) | 24 (18.7) |
| 4. Headaches | 79 (41.1) |
| 5. Chest pains | 56 (29.2) |
| 6. Dizziness | 35 (18.2) |
| 7. Fainting spells | 33 (17.2) |
| 8. Feeling heart pound or race | 62 (32.3) |
| 9. Shortness of breath | 33 (17.2) |
| 10. Pain or problem during sexual intercourse | 49 (25.5) |
| 11. Constipation, loose bowels, or diarrhea | 66 (34.4) |
| 12. Nausea, gas, or indigestion | 53 (27.6) |
| 13. Feeling tired or having low energy | 70 (36.5) |
| 14. Trouble sleeping | 72 (37.5) |
| Depression symptoms: PHQ-9 (n = 177) | |
| 1. Little interest or pleasure in doing things | 82 (46.3) |
| 2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless | 87 (49.2) |
| 3. Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much | 64 (36.2) |
| 4. Feeling tired or having little energy | 29 (16.4) |
| 5. Poor appetite or overeating | 54 (30.5) |
| 6. Feeling bad about yourself, feeling that you have let yourself or your family down | 47 (26.6) |
| 7. Trouble concentrating on things | 72 (40.7) |
| 8. Moving or speaking slowly, being fidgety, or feeling restless | 53 (29.9) |
| 9. Thinking of suicide or wanting to hurt yourself | 91 (51.4) |
| Anxiety symptoms: GAD-7 (n = 122) | |
| 1. Feeling nervous and anxious, or on edge | 51 (41.8) |
| 2. Not being able to stop or control worrying | 49 (40.2) |
| 3. Worrying too much about different things | 49 (40.2) |
| 4. Trouble relaxing | 25 (20.5) |
| 5. Feeling so restless that it is hard to sit still | 44 (36.1) |
| 6. Becoming easily annoyed or irritable | 35 (28.7) |
| 7. Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen | 49 (40.2) |
Abbreviations: GAD-7, seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item depression module; PHQ-15; Patient Health Questionnaire 15-item somatic symptom module.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of psychiatric disorders in subjects with and without LBP. The prevalence of severe anxiety (9.5% versus 6.2%; P = 0.007), depression (13.7% versus 8.5%; P = 0.002), and somatization (14.9% versus 8.3%; P < 0.001) was significantly higher in LBP patients compared to patients without LBP.
Figure 1.
Distribution of psychiatric disorders in studied subjects with/without low back pain (LBP).
Discussion
LBP is widely regarded as a biopsychosocial problem.13 The physical and psychological stressors are known to increase LBP risk. This cross-sectional study found that psychosocial factors were associated with the episodes of LBP. The data revealed a significant association between the prevalence of psychological distress and LBP, which is in accordance with earlier observations.4,14 The prevalence of somatization (14.9% versus 8.3%; P < 0.001), depression (13.7% versus 8.5%; P = 0.002), and anxiety disorders (9.5% versus 6.2%; P = 0.007) was higher in the study sample of LBP patients compared to their healthy counterparts. In contrast, Dickens et al showed that patients with and without excessive pain behavior had similar levels of anxiety and depression, especially in women.15
The prevalence of LBP in the study sample (59.2%) is within the reported range (50%–80%) of those in a modern industrial society who will experience LBP more than once in their lifetime.16 In another study by Manchikanti et al, lifetime prevalence of LBP was reported as 69%–80%.17 The prevalence rate in the current study is close to the rate observed in neighboring countries such as the United Arab Emirates (64.7%) and Saudi Arabia (51.6%).8,18 It was reported in a recent study that the prevalence of LBP could be as high as 60%–80% in the US and European adult population.19 Although the current prevalence rate agrees with the studies conducted in the gulf region, it was higher than the prevalence observed in developed countries such as the UK (49%) and Canada (47%).20,21
Sociodemographic variables play a significant role in the development of LBP. In the study sample, the occurrence of LBP increased with increasing age up to 55 years and then decreased gradually thereafter, which is consistent with a study by Kostova and Koleva.22 It was found that LBP symptoms were consistently more common among the studied women (53.9%) compared to men (46.1%). Other studies also reported a similar finding that women were more likely to present with LBP than men.23 The higher stress levels among women due to the combination of work-related stress and stress related to responsibilities for the family might be the reason for the higher incidence of LBP among women. Smoking was significantly more common among studied patients with LBP (20.5% versus 15.5%; P = 0.003), which is in line with a study by Kaila-Kangas et al that associated smoking with LBP.24 Studied subjects with an educational level of secondary education (23.6%) had a higher chance of developing LBP than those with higher educational levels. A similar finding was observed in a recent study by Kwon et al.25 In the current study sample, subjects with less than a high school education did not have a high rate of LBP compared to college graduates.
The present study identified that psychological distress was associated with increased risk of LBP. Significant association was observed in studied subjects with LBP with higher mean scores of anxiety (8.1 ± 2.9 versus 6.4 ± 3.3; P < 0.001), depression (10.1 ± 3.3 versus 9.0 ± 3.5; P = 0.001), and somatization (16.1 ± 4.3 versus 14.2 ± 5.6; P < 0.001). The analysis of other studies indicated that those with LBP scored significantly higher on depression than those without.2–5,22 Among the types of psychological distress, somatization was more prevalent in LBP patients, followed by depression and then anxiety. In another study, anxiety presented with the highest prevalence, followed by somatization and then depression.17
The study findings describe the psychological issues among LBP patients and show that psychological factors are associated with LBP. Iranian LBP patients have an increased occurrence of coexistent psychological distress,26 as has been shown in the current LBP patient population. In an Australian study, depression was associated with LBP.27 The psychological factors associated with LBP show that distress may aggravate the pain.26
On the contrary, in a study focused on the impact of anxiety or somatization on the occurrence of LBP, no association was found with anxiety; however, somatization was found to be predictive of disability.28 Psychological distress was observed more often in LBP patients in most of the studies.4,5,14,15 The most common somatic symptom was “headaches” (41.1%) and most of the depressed patients were “feeling down, depressed, or hopeless” (49.2%). Nearly half of the LBP patients with anxiety symptoms (41.8%) were “feeling nervous and anxious or on edge.” LBP poses a significantly greater psychological strain on the patient and is one of the most challenging problems faced by health care consumers as well as health care providers.
LBP patients manifest concurrent psychiatric illness, most commonly depression and somatization. The current study provides epidemiological evidence for the higher frequency and severity of somatization, depression, and anxiety symptoms in patients with LBP compared to patients without LBP. The current findings on LBP and its associated psychosocial factors urge health care practitioners to consider and identify psychological obstacles to recovery. Understanding the importance of the psychosocial pathway in the development of LBP lies not only in the advancement of knowledge in the phenomenon, but also in designing preventive interventions.
Conclusion
The study findings revealed that LBP is a common problem in the general population. The data indicated that a significant association was observed between psychological distress and the prevalence of LBP. Somatization was more prevalent in LBP, followed by depression. In addition, sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, education, overweight, and smoking were associated factors of LBP.
Acknowledgments
This work was generously supported and funded by the Qatar Foundation (UREP Grant No 11-074-3-015). The authors would like to thank Hamad Medical Corporation for their support and granting ethical approval (HMC RP# 12061/12).
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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