Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common form of malignant glioma, characterized by genetic instability and unpredictable clinical behavior. GBM is marked by an extremely poor prognosis with median overall survival of 12~14 months. In this study, we detected the CD137L-expressing cells and IL-17-expressing cells in tumor tissues resected from patients with GBM. Expression of CD137L and IL-17 were assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the prognostic value of CD137L and IL-17 expression within the tumor tissues were assessed by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Immunohistochemical detection showed that positive cells of CD137L and IL-17 in glioblastoma tissue samples were 46.3% (19/ 41) and 73.2% (30/41) respectively. Expression of CD137L was not correlated with overall survival of GBM patients (P=0.594), while significantly longer survival rate was seen in patients with high expression of IL-17, compared to those with low expression of IL-17 (P=0.007). In addition, we also found that IL-17 expression was significantly correlated with Progression-free survival (PFS) (P=0.016) and death rate (P=0.01). Furthermore, multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed that IL-17 (P=0.018) and PFS (P=0.028) were independent factors affecting the overall survival probability. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that PFS of high expression of IL-17 group were significantly longer (P=0.004) than low expression group with GBM. It is concluded that high levels of IL-17 expression in the tumor tissues may be a good prognostic marker for patients with GBM.
Keywords: CD137L, Interleukin-17, glioblastoma, overall survival.
Introduction
Glioblastoma is the most common and deadliest brain tumor, which escapes from immune recognition and kills most of the patients within one year of diagnosis 1. Glioblastomas, like other malignancies, are highly capable of overcoming host immune defenses through a variety of mechanisms, some of which are quite clear. Currently, there has been a growing interest in developing new methods of immunotherapy for treatment of glioblastoma, despite little is known about mechanisms of glioblastoma-specific immune responses 2. A better understanding of the molecular interactions between the tumor and the host immune system may allow the development of novel integrated approaches based on the simultaneous control of tumor escape pathways and the activation of anti-tumor immune responses. Despite of the advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, the prognosis for glioblastomas remains poor. Prognostic analysis for patients with GBM has not yet been fully studied. There is a correlation between the infiltration of immune cells within a tumor and the tumor development 3, 4. Therefore, distribution of immune cells detected in brain glioma may provide useful information for the analysis of a patient's prognosis.
CD137L, a member of TNF superfamily, was found to be expressed following stimulation on professional APCs including DCs and macrophages as well as activated B cells and was also expressed on myeloid progenitors and hematopoietic stem cells ry CD137 ligand (CD137L)/CD137 interaction providing costimulatory signals to T cells independent of signaling pathways through the B7/CD28 interaction 5, 6. CD137L can induce cytokine production and T cell proliferation in both the primary and secondary responses to Antigen, which promotes the development of CTL activity and anti-tumor immunity independent of signals through the CD28 molecule 7. CD137L was found to be expressed in brain glioma in a modest percentage of patients. Although CD137L mRNA has been detected in patients with brain glioma 8-9, the distribution of CD137L-postive cells within the tumor and the relationship between CD137L and prognosis has not yet been investigated.
Recent studies10-12 of autoimmune conditions in the central nervous system (CNS) have revealed that interleukin-17(IL-17) producing Type17 T-cells, specifically T-helper (Th)17 cells reactive to CNS autoantigens, manifest a highermigratory capability to the CNS parenchyma compared with other T-cell subpopulations due to their ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB). Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a CD4 T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokine. IL-17 plays a positive role in the development of inflammation, GVHD and autoimmune diseases. An increase in the number of IL-17-postive cells in tumors has been detected in prostate, ovarian, and hepatocellular cancers 9.In this study, we examined the expression of CD137L and IL-17 in GBM by immunohistochemistry, and correlated these findings with available clinical data of patients with GBM. In addition, the expression of CD137 was assayed by flow cytometry, and its correlation with CD137L/CD137 expression was also analyzed with clinical classification of brain glioma. We evaluated the prognostic roles of CD137L and IL-17 in glioblastoma by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis.
Material and Methods
Ethics statement
All patients provided written informed consent for the current study and the clinical study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Capital Medical University.
Patients and tissue specimens
Paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from 41 glioblastoma patients who underwent total or subtotal tumor resection in Beijing Tiantan Hospital during 2007 to 2011. Immunocompromised patients were excluded. None of the patients had received preoperative anticancer treatment. There were 18 male and 23 female patients with a median age of 47 years (range, 14-65 years). The follow-up data of the patients in this study are available and complete. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 12.9 months (range, 4-24 months). All were stage IV cancer according to the TNM classification for brain cancer TNM staging system (International Union against Cancer, UICC). Each tumor was histologically graded, based on the WHO classification criteria. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the interval between the date of diagnosis and the date of death or the last known follow-up. All samples were coded anonymously in accordance with local ethical guidelines (as stipulated by the Declaration of Helsinki), and approved by the IRB (Internal Review Board) of Beijing tiantan hospital.
Immunohistochemistry
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples were sectioned at 5 μm. Each tissue section was deparaffinized and rehydrated with graded ethanol. For antigen retrieval, the slides were boiled in EDTA (1 mM; pH 8.0) for 15 min in a microwave oven. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with a 0.3% hydrogen peroxide solution for 10 min at room temperature. After rinsing with PBS, slides were incubated overnight at 4°C with respective primary antibodies which include goat anti-human CD137L polyclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; California, USA)(dilution 1/200) and mouse anti-human IL-17monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) (dilution 1/200). After three times of wash with PBS, sections were incubated with biotinylated anti-goat or anti- mouse secondary antibody (Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotech, Beijing, China) respectively for 30 min at room temperature. Immunostaining was performed using the Envision System with diaminobenzidine (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark). Finally, the signal was developed with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), and all of the slides were counterstained with hematoxylin. Data were obtained by manually counting positively stained cells in five separate areas of slide regions with 200× high-power magnification. Mouse IgG1 (Santa) and normal goat IgG (Santa) were used as negative control stains.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were expressed as the mean ± SD or median (range). The median value of immunohistochemically detected variables of CD137L and IL-17 was used as cut-off in our results. Chi-squared test or Fisher exact test was used to assess the relationship between the expression of CD137L or IL-17 and the clinic pathological features. Correlations between CD137L and IL-17 were evaluated by the Pearson correlation coefficient. Prognostic factors were evaluated by bivariable analyses using log rank test of Kaplan-Meier methodology and by multivariable analyses using Cox proportional hazards model. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software (version 16.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Study population
The patient demographics are presented in Table 1. Of the 41 patients examined, 15 (36.6%) died before the end of the observation. The median age of the population studied was 47 years (range 14-67 years). Overall, All patients presented with WHO grade IV and glioblastoma. The median follow-up for the entire cohort was 12.9 months (range 4-24 months). The 2-year survival incidence for the entire study population was 63.4%.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristic of 41 patients with brain glioblastoma.
| Groups | Characteristics |
|---|---|
| Age, years | Years |
| median | 47 |
| range | 14-67 |
| Gender | Number% |
| male | 18(43.90) |
| female | 23(56.10) |
| Karnofsky, KPS | Score |
| median | 80 |
| range | 30-90 |
| Tumor (T) stage | Number |
| T4 | 41 |
| Progression-free survival, PFS | Months |
| median | 9.84 |
| range | 3-19 |
| Death | Number% |
| no | 26(63.41) |
| yes | 15(36.59) |
| Histologic grade | Number |
| Ⅳ | 41 |
| Recurrence | Number% |
| no | 39(95.12) |
| yes | 2(4.88) |
Immunohistochemical staining
The occurrence of CD137L and IL-17 high-expressed cells were 46.3% (19 of 41) and 73.2% (30 of 41) respectively. Both CD137L and IL-17 positive staining were mostly localized to the cytoplasm. IL-17 may be situated in the cytoplasm but CD137L should be on the surface to be functional (Figure 1 and Table 2). Less than 15% tumor cells expressing CD137L or IL-17 means low expression. More than 15% tumor cells expressing CD137L or IL-17 in glioma tissue means high expression.
Figure 1.
Expression of CD137L and IL-17 in tumor. Consecutive sections were used for immunohistochemical analysis of CD137L (A, B) and IL-17 expression (C, D) (A, C negative expression (200×magnification); B, D positive expression (200×magnification)).
Table 2.
Descriptive statistics of immunohistochemical variables.
| Variables | Low-expressed | High-expressed | Positive rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD137L-producing cells in tumor | 22 | 19 | 46.34% |
| IL-17-producing cells in tumor | 11 | 30 | 73.17% |
Relationship between the expression of CD137L and IL-17 in tumor and pathological features of patients with glioblastoma
IL-17 expression significantly correlated with progression-free survival (PFS) (P=0.029) and death rate (P=0.01) (Table 3). IL-17 expression did not significantly (p>0.05) correlated with age, gender, or Karnofsky (KPS) in patients with glioblastoma (Table 3). CD137L expression did not significantly (p>0.05) correlate with age, gender, Karnofsky (KPS), PFS, as well as death rate in patients with glioblastoma (Table 3). But Kaplan-Meier PFS curves for high expression of IL-17 group were significantly different from low IL-17 expression group (P=0.004) (Figure 4). However, CD137L expression did not significantly (P>0.05) correlate with age, gender, Karnofsky (KPS), PFS, or death in patients with glioblastoma (Table 3).
Table 3.
Correlations between CD137L, IL-17 expression in tumor tissues and clinic pathological features of patients with brain glioblastoma
| Variables | CD137L-positive cells | P value | IL17-positive cells | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| negative | positive | Low | High | |||
| Age, years | ||||||
| <60 | 16 | 15 | 20 | 11 | ||
| ≥60 | 6 | 4 | 0.80 | 5 | 5 | 0.43 |
| Gender | ||||||
| male | 11 | 9 | 12 | 6 | ||
| female | 11 | 12 | 0.71 | 13 | 10 | 0.52 |
| Karnofsky, KPS | ||||||
| ≤60 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 1 | ||
| >60 | 17 | 17 | 0.64 | 19 | 15 | 0.15 |
| Progression-free survival, PFS, months | ||||||
| <12 | 11 | 13 | 18 | 6 | ||
| ≥12 | 11 | 6 | 0.94 | 7 | 10 | 0.02a |
| Death | ||||||
| no | 13 | 13 | 12 | 14 | ||
| yes | 9 | 6 | 0.74 | 13 | 2 | 0.01a |
Chi-squared tests, aP<0.05.
Figure 4.
Patients expressing high IL-17 in tumor tissues show significantly better Progress-free survival than low-expression of IL-17(PFS) (P=0.004). PFS curves of 41 brain glioblastoma patients with different IL-17 expression are shown. Kaplan-Meier PFS curves for high expression of IL-17 group were significantly different (P=0.004, log-rank test) from low IL-17 expression group in tumor tissues of 41 brain glioblastoma patients.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic variables in patients with glioblastoma
To identify the variables with potential prognostic significance in patients with glioblastoma, univariate and multivariate analyses using log rank test of Kaplan-Meier methodology and Cox proportional hazard model were performed. These analyses assessed the potential prognostic significance of CD137L and IL-17 expressions and other clinical pathological parameters for patients with glioblastoma. Univariate analysis showed that expression of IL-17 and PFS were both significant prognostic factors (Table 4). Multivariate analysis revealed that IL-17 expression was an independent predictor of survival (P=0.018), as was PFS (P=0.028). The relative risk in patients with low levels of IL-17 was 0.072 (0.07) times greater than that in patients with higher expression of IL-17 (Table 4). However, CD137L expression did not associate with overall survival (p>0.05) by univariate and multivariate analysis, neither did age, gender, and KPS (p>0.05).
Table 4.
Univariate and Multivariat analyses of variables associated with survival
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log-Rank test | 95%CI | P value | HR | 95%CI | P value | |
| CD137L-positive cells(Low vs High) | 0.29 | 12.52-19.48 | 0.59 | 0.75 | 0.27-2.14 | 0.60 |
| IL17-positive cells(Low vs High) | 7.28 | 19.86-24.51 | 0.01 a | 6.24 | 1.37-28.46 | 0.02 a |
| Age, years(≥60 vs <60) | 0.00 | 11.41-17.37 | 0.96 | 0.72 | 0.23-2.32 | 0.58 |
| Gender(male vs female) | 0.09 | 14.94-21.99 | 0.76 | 1.39 | 0.48-4.00 | 0.54 |
| KPS(≤60vs>60) | 0.01 | 12.87-20.63 | 0.94 | 1.59 | 0.43-5.88 | 0.48 |
| PFS, months(≥12vs<12) | 6.01 | 12.78-18.76 | 0.01 a | 0.07 | 0.01-0.75 | 0.03 a |
Fisher's Exact, aP<0.05; V means vs.; KPS: Karnofsky; PFS: Progression-free survival.
HR Hazard Ratio, CI confidence interval
Correlation between expressions of CD137L and IL-17 in tumor and overall survival
The prognostic value of CD137L and IL-17 expression on PFS and overall survival of GBM was evaluated. Using a Kaplan-Meier curve assessment, we found that expression of CD137L was not an independent predictor for prognosis of patients with GBM. The two-year overall survival probability among patients with high levels of CD137L was not significantly higher than those with low levels expression (P=0.594) (Figure 2). However, patients expressing high levels of IL-17 had a better two-year overall survival probability than those expressing low levels (P=0.007) (Figure 3). Therefore, we found that negative or low expression of IL-17 in was an independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with glioblastoma. High expression of IL-17 is a indicator of longer overall survival in patients with glioblastoma. In this study, we found there was no significant correlation between the expression level of CD137L and IL-17 in the tumor tissue.
Figure 2.
Patients expressing high CD137L in tumor tissues do not show significantly improved two-year overall survival (P=0.594). Survival curves of 41 brain glioblastoma patients with different CD137L expression are shown. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for positive expression of CD137L group were not significantly different (P=0.594, log-rank test) from negative CD137L expression group in tumor tissues of 41 brain glioblastoma patients.
Figure 3.
Patients expressing high IL-17 in tumor tissues show significantly better two-year overall survival (P=0.007). Survival curves of 41 brain glioblastoma patients with different IL-17 expression are shown. Kaplan-Meier survival curves for high expression of IL-17 group were significantly different (P=0.007, log-rank test) from low IL-17 expression group in tumor tissues of 41 brain glioblastoma patients.
Discussion
Glioblastoma is one of the most malignant brain tumor associated with the poor 5-year survival rates among all human cancers 13-14. The median overall survival was about 12-14 months 15. Therefore, identifying molecular targets that could provide prognostic information is greatly needed and would be helpful for its therapy. CD137L, the counterreceptor for CD137(4-1BB), is a member of the TNF (ligand) superfamily and serves as a secondary signal to activated T cells. CD137 is an inducible member of the TNFR superfamily that can induce cytokine production, expansion, and functional maturation of T cells, NK cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells 16. After prolonged TCR/CD28 activation in vitro, T cells increase CD137 expression and upon binding become strongly adherent to fibronectin. With regard to tumor biology, binding of CD137 has been demonstrated to prevent and even rescue anergic CD8 T cells in a number of tolerance-inducing models 17. CD137 agonist antibody has also been shown to overcome immunological ignorance (where CTL were not deleted or anergized, but simply not activated), allowing immunization with tumor-derived peptide to induce a protective CTL response. Engagement of CD137 by CD137L on antigen-presenting cells may lead to the generation of cytolytic T cells as well as promotion of T-helper 1 cells, which produce high levels of IFN-γ 18. Most cell lines express CD137L, but none expresses B7-1. Anderson and his colleague had reported that high expressing CD137 glioma cells were resistant to vincristine (VCR), and CD137L expression was correlated with survival and age rather than pathological grade of glioma 11. Mu and his colleague had reported that patients with high expression of CD137L had a longer overall survival) 12, but the result of our study (Fig.2) was opposite to that of those studies. We consider that such difference is due to the fact that those studies checked surface expression of CD137L, not intratumoral expression of CD137L as we did.
IL-17 has been of great interest recently owing to the discovery that the production of IL-17 characterizes Th17 cells. The development of Th17 cells is distinct from the development of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T (Treg) cells and is characterized by predominant production of IL-17 as well as their developmental control by retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) 19. Th17 cells produce IL-17, IL-6, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and TNF-α. Although publications on the role of IL-17 and IL-17-associated cytokines in cancer to date report both pro- and anti-tumor functions, it appears consistent that adoptively transferred Type17 T-cells may mediate potent anti-tumor immunity due to their longevity as well as ability to develop into Type1 cells in cancerbearing hosts. An increase of IL-17-positive cells has been observed in prostate and hepatocellular cancers 20. Patient's survival in ovarian cancer and small cell lung cancer positively correlated with IL-17 expression 21. In our study, we found that patients with high level expression of IL-17 in tumor showed significantly longer overall survival than those with low level experession of IL-17 (P=0.007, Figure 3). A recent study showed that expression of IL-17 is detected intratumorally and in an effector T-cell subset that expresses tumor antigen-specific CD4 22. CD137L is expressed in many cells including dendritic cells that can modulate the proliferation of effector T cells and play a potential role in anti-tumor immunity 23, 24. In this study, we detected the expression of CD137L and IL-17 within the brain glioblastomas and assessed their relationship with patients' prognosis. This is the first study to show that CD137L and IL-17 may serve as prognostic indicators for glioblastoma. We used immunohistochemistry to characterize CD137L and IL-17 positive cells in tumor tissues of patients with glioblastoma after resection and analyzed the association between the prognosis and the expression of CD137L and IL-17.
In this study, we collected 41 glioblastoma samples among which 46.3% (19/41) expressed CD137L in the cytoplasm. CD137L expressed on glioma cells could function as a co-stimulatory molecule of T cell activation for the production of cytokines, most notably interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), in co-culture of T cells and glioma cells. Moreover, IL-17 was extensively expressed in the cytoplasm. We further analyzed the relationship between expression of CD137L or IL-17 and the clinic pathologic features of glioblastoma. CD137L expression did not significantly correlate with age and gender. There was no significant association between the expression of CD137L and other clinical and pathological features. Of note, we found a statistically significant correlation between the expression of IL-17 and PFS (P=0.016) and death rate (P=0.01). Some other studies have shown that IL-17 expression and the presence of Th17 cells were associated with clinical stage in glioma tissue 25, 26. The mRNA expression of IL-17 in glioma may influence the progression of glioma. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the two-years overall survival rate of patients with high levels expression of IL-17 was significantly higher than those with low levels of IL-17 expression (P=0.007). This is consistent with a recent report on human ovarian cancer 9. However, other studies observed that IL-17 increased intratumorally in glioma. IL-17 positive cells may play an important role in glioma tumorigenesis and progression because Th17 polarization may be induced by regulatory T cells 25, 26. Different types of TNM staging of glioma and immunological status may contribute to different results. While there was no significant correlation between the level of CD137L and patient survival (P=0.594) in our study, CD137L-positive cells were found to correlate with tumor progression 11. On the other hand, some studies have found that the ligation of CD137L on tumor cells with CD137 on T cells induced IFN-γ production by T cells. This triggered tumor cells to produce IL-8 that regulating tumor progression 27. These results are conflicting and require further investigation.
By using univariate and multivariate analyses, we found that high expression of IL-17 was significant prognostic factor for glioblastoma. Multivariate analysis revealed that IL-17 expression was an independent predictor for survival (P=0.018) and PFS (P=0.028). IL-17 expression may also be a potential prognostic factor in all patients with glioblastoma. However, we found no significant correlation between the expression of CD137L and the independent predictor. Overall, our data show that both CD137L and IL-17-expressing cells are generally expressed in brain glioblastoma. Though we found that CD137L expression is not significantly correlated with overall survival and does not serve as an independent prognostic indicator in glioblastoma, our results suggested that IL-17 expression is significantly correlated with PFS (P=0.016) and death rate (P=0.01). Meanwhile, multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed that IL-17 (P=0.018) and PFS (P=0.028) are independent factors affecting the two-year overall survival probability. Kaplan-Meier PFS curves also showed that high expression of IL-17 was significantly correlated with PFS (P=0.004, log-rank test). Our conclusion is that the expression levels of intratumoral IL-17 can be an independent prognostic indicator for patients with glioblastoma. The molecular mechanism for this correlation remains unknown. Relevant studies may help better understand the role of IL-17 in the development of glioblastoma.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Han Xiao and Chunyu Qi.
Financial support
This work was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7122061).
References
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