Skip to main content
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1988 Jan;1(1):27–39. doi: 10.1128/cmr.1.1.27

Detection, pathogenesis, and therapy of respiratory syncytial virus infections.

R C Welliver 1
PMCID: PMC358027  PMID: 3060243

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of serious lower respiratory disease in infancy and early childhood. The unique pathogenesis of lower respiratory illness due to RSV offers some intriguing clues to the role of the human immune system in both protection against and development of respiratory illness. More than any other virus, rapid diagnostic techniques have been especially successful in identifying RSV infection. Many of these techniques could be easily adaptable to diagnosis of influenza virus infection and other agents. Finally, ribavirin therapy of RSV infection represents one of the few instances in which antiviral therapy has been shown to be effective for respiratory illnesses. Fundamental observations in these areas in the case of RSV infection open up new and exciting pathways for investigation of respiratory infection due to other viral, chlamydial, and mycoplasmal agents.

Full text

PDF
27

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahlstedt S., Smedegård G., Nygren H., Björkstén B. Immune responses in rats sensitized with aerosolized antigen. Antibody formation, lymphoblastic responses and mast cell and mucous cell development related to bronchial reactivity. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1983;72(1):71–78. doi: 10.1159/000234843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Akerlind B., Norrby E. Occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes A and B strains in Sweden. J Med Virol. 1986 Jul;19(3):241–247. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890190306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderson L. J., Hierholzer J. C., Bingham P. G., Stone Y. O. Microneutralization test for respiratory syncytial virus based on an enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Dec;22(6):1050–1052. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.6.1050-1052.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson L. J., Hierholzer J. C., Tsou C., Hendry R. M., Fernie B. F., Stone Y., McIntosh K. Antigenic characterization of respiratory syncytial virus strains with monoclonal antibodies. J Infect Dis. 1985 Apr;151(4):626–633. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.4.626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Arens M. Q., Swierkosz E. M., Schmidt R. R., Armstrong T., Rivetna K. A. Enhanced isolation of respiratory syncytial virus in cell culture. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Apr;23(4):800–802. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.4.800-802.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bell D. M., Walsh E. E., Hruska J. F., Schnabel K. C., Hall C. B. Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus with a monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Jun;17(6):1099–1101. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.6.1099-1101.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bromberg K., Tannis G., Daidone B., Clarke L., Sierra M. F. Comparison of ortho respiratory syncytial virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HEp-2 cell culture. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Dec;22(6):1071–1072. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.6.1071-1072.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bromberg K., Tannis G., Daidone B., Clarke L., Sierra M. Comparison of HEp-2 cell culture and Abbott respiratory syncytial virus enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Feb;25(2):434–436. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.2.434-436.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brooks L. J., Cropp G. J. Theophylline therapy in bronchiolitis. A retrospective study. Am J Dis Child. 1981 Oct;135(10):934–936. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130340040014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brůcková M., Svandová E., Syrůcek L. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus serum antibodies by an ELISA system. Acta Virol. 1981 Jan;25(1):41–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bui R. H., Molinaro G. A., Kettering J. D., Heiner D. C., Imagawa D. T., St Geme J. W., Jr Virus-specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies in serum of children infected with respiratory syncytial virus. J Pediatr. 1987 Jan;110(1):87–90. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80295-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Busse W. W., Swenson C. A., Borden E. C., Treuhaft M. W., Dick E. C. Effect of influenza A virus on leukocyte histamine release. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1983 Apr;71(4):382–388. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(83)90066-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chao R. K., Fishaut M., Schwartzman J. D., McIntosh K. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasal secretions from infants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Infect Dis. 1979 Apr;139(4):483–486. doi: 10.1093/infdis/139.4.483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cheeseman S. H., Pierik L. T., Leombruno D., Spinos K. E., McIntosh K. Evaluation of a commercially available direct immunofluorescent staining reagent for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in respiratory secretions. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jul;24(1):155–156. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.1.155-156.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cranage M. P., Coombs R. R. An indirect haemadsorption procedure (MRSPAH) for detecting antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol Methods. 1982 Nov;5(3-4):199–208. doi: 10.1016/0166-0934(82)90010-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cranage M. P., Stott E. J., Nagington J., Coombs R. R. A reverse passive haemagglutination test for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasal secretions from infants. J Med Virol. 1981;8(3):153–160. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890080301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dabbous I. A., Tkachyk J. S., Stamm S. J. A double blind study on the effects of corticosteroids in the treatment of bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 1966 Mar;37(3):477–484. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Faden H., Kaul T. N., Ogra P. L. Activation of oxidative and arachidonic acid metabolism in neutrophils by respiratory syncytial virus antibody complexes: possible role in disease. J Infect Dis. 1983 Jul;148(1):110–116. doi: 10.1093/infdis/148.1.110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Fernald G. W., Almond J. R., Henderson F. W. Cellular and humoral immunity in recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatr Res. 1983 Sep;17(9):753–758. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198309000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fishaut M., Tubergen D., McIntosh K. Cellular response to respiratory viruses with particular reference to children with disorders of cell-mediated immunity. J Pediatr. 1980 Feb;96(2):179–186. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80799-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fulton R. E., Middleton P. J. Comparison of immunofluorescence and isolation techniques in the diagnosis of respiratory viral infections of children. Infect Immun. 1974 Jul;10(1):92–101. doi: 10.1128/iai.10.1.92-101.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gardner P. S., McQuillin J. Application of immunofluorescent antibody technique in rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Br Med J. 1968 Aug 10;3(5614):340–343. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5614.340. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gerna G., Cattaneo E., Cereda P. M., Grazia Revello M., Achilli G. Serodiagnosis of respiratory synctial virus infections in infants and young children by the immunoperoxidse technique. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Jan;11(1):79–87. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.1.79-87.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Glezen P., Denny F. W. Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children. N Engl J Med. 1973 Mar 8;288(10):498–505. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197303082881005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Glezen W. P., Paredes A., Allison J. E., Taber L. H., Frank A. L. Risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants from low-income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group, and maternal antibody level. J Pediatr. 1981 May;98(5):708–715. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(81)80829-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gray K. G., MacFarlane D. E., Sommerville R. G. Direct immunofluorescent identification of respiratory syncytial virus in throat swabs from children with respiratory illness. Lancet. 1968 Mar 2;1(7540):446–448. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92779-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Hall C. B., Douglas R. G., Jr, Geiman J. M. Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1980 Jan;141(1):98–102. doi: 10.1093/infdis/141.1.98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hall C. B., McBride J. T., Gala C. L., Hildreth S. W., Schnabel K. C. Ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. JAMA. 1985 Dec 6;254(21):3047–3051. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hall C. B., McBride J. T., Walsh E. E., Bell D. M., Gala C. L., Hildreth S., Ten Eyck L. G., Hall W. J. Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection. A randomized double-blind study. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jun 16;308(24):1443–1447. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198306163082403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hall C. B., Powell K. R., MacDonald N. E., Gala C. L., Menegus M. E., Suffin S. C., Cohen H. J. Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jul 10;315(2):77–81. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198607103150201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hall C. B., Walsh E. E., Hruska J. F., Betts R. F., Hall W. J. Ribavirin treatment of experimental respiratory syncytial viral infection. A controlled double-blind study in young adults. JAMA. 1983 May 20;249(19):2666–2670. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hemming V. G., Prince G. A., Horswood R. L., London W. J., Murphy B. R., Walsh E. E., Fischer G. W., Weisman L. E., Baron P. A., Chanock R. M. Studies of passive immunotherapy for infections of respiratory syncytial virus in the respiratory tract of a primate model. J Infect Dis. 1985 Nov;152(5):1083–1087. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.5.1083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hendry R. M., Pierik L. T., McIntosh K. Comparison of washed nasopharyngeal cells and whole nasal secretions for detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Feb;23(2):383–384. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.2.383-384.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hendry R. M., Talis A. L., Godfrey E., Anderson L. J., Fernie B. F., McIntosh K. Concurrent circulation of antigenically distinct strains of respiratory syncytial virus during community outbreaks. J Infect Dis. 1986 Feb;153(2):291–297. doi: 10.1093/infdis/153.2.291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hierholzer J. C., Hirsch M. S. Croup and pneumonia in human infants associated with a new strain of respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1979 Nov;140(5):826–828. doi: 10.1093/infdis/140.5.826. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hornsleth A., Bech-Thomsen N., Friis B. Detection by ELISA of IgG-subclass-specific antibodies in primary respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infections. J Med Virol. 1985 Aug;16(4):321–328. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890160404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hornsleth A., Bech-Thomsen N., Friis B. Detection of RS-virus IgG-subclass-specific antibodies: variation according to age in infants and small children and diagnostic value in RS-virus-infected small infants. J Med Virol. 1985 Aug;16(4):329–335. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890160405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hornsleth A., Brenøe E., Friis B., Knudsen F. U., Uldall P. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by inhibition of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Nov;14(5):510–515. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.5.510-515.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hornsleth A., Friis B., Andersen P., Brenøe E. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by ELISA: comparison with fluorescent antibody technique. J Med Virol. 1982;10(4):273–281. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890100407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hruska J. F., Morrow P. E., Suffin S. C., Douglas R. G., Jr In vivo inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus by ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jan;21(1):125–130. doi: 10.1128/aac.21.1.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ida S., Hooks J. J., Siraganian R. P., Notkins A. L. Enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils by viruses: role of interferon. J Exp Med. 1977 Apr 1;145(4):892–906. doi: 10.1084/jem.145.4.892. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. JORDAN W. S., Jr Growth characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus. J Immunol. 1962 May;88:581–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kapikian A. Z., Mitchell R. H., Chanock R. M., Shvedoff R. A., Stewart C. E. An epidemiologic study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS virus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 Apr;89(4):405–421. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120954. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kaul A., Scott R., Gallagher M., Scott M., Clement J., Ogra P. L. Respiratory syncytial virus infection. Rapid diagnosis in children by use of indirect immunofluorescence. Am J Dis Child. 1978 Nov;132(11):1088–1090. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120360044006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kaul T. N., Welliver R. C., Ogra P. L. Comparison of fluorescent-antibody, neutralizing-antibody, and complement-enhanced neutralizing-antibody assays for detection of serum antibody to respiratory syncytial virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 May;13(5):957–962. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.5.957-962.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kaul T. N., Welliver R. C., Ogra P. L. Development of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the respiratory tract after natural infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Infect Immun. 1982 Aug;37(2):492–498. doi: 10.1128/iai.37.2.492-498.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kaul T. N., Welliver R. C., Wong D. T., Udwadia R. A., Riddlesberger K., Ogra P. L. Secretory antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Am J Dis Child. 1981 Nov;135(11):1013–1016. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1981.02130350017007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kim H. W., Arrobio J. O., Brandt C. D., Jeffries B. C., Pyles G., Reid J. L., Chanock R. M., Parrott R. H. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C. I. Importance of the virus in different respiratory tract disease syndromes and temporal distribution of infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1973 Sep;98(3):216–225. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121550. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kim H. W., Leikin S. L., Arrobio J., Brandt C. D., Chanock R. M., Parrott R. H. Cell-mediated immunity to respiratory syncytial virus induced by inactivated vaccine or by infection. Pediatr Res. 1976 Jan;10(1):75–78. doi: 10.1203/00006450-197601000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kim H. W., Wyatt R. G., Fernie B. F., Brandt C. D., Arrobio J. O., Jeffries B. C., Parrott R. H. Respiratory syncytial virus detection by immunofluorescence in nasal secretions with monoclonal antibodies against selected surface and internal proteins. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Dec;18(6):1399–1404. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.6.1399-1404.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Lauer B. A., Masters H. A., Wren C. G., Levin M. J. Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal secretions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Nov;22(5):782–785. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.5.782-785.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Lenney W., Milner A. D. Alpha and beta adrenergic stimulants in bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis in children under 18 months of age. Arch Dis Child. 1978 Sep;53(9):707–709. doi: 10.1136/adc.53.9.707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. McIntosh K., Hendry R. M., Fahnestock M. L., Pierik L. T. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus infection: application to clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Aug;16(2):329–333. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.2.329-333.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. McIntosh K., Masters H. B., Orr I., Chao R. K., Barkin R. M. The immunologic response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infants. J Infect Dis. 1978 Jul;138(1):24–32. doi: 10.1093/infdis/138.1.24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Meurman O., Ruuskanen O., Sarkkinen H., Hänninen P., Halonen P. Immunoglobulin class-specific antibody response in respiratory syncytial virus infection measured by enzyme immunoassay. J Med Virol. 1984;14(1):67–72. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890140110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Meurman O., Sarkkinen H., Ruuskanen O., Hänninen P., Halonen P. Diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children: comparison of viral antigen detection and serology. J Med Virol. 1984;14(1):61–65. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890140109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Milner M. E., de la Monte S. M., Hutchins G. M. Fatal respiratory syncytial virus infection in severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Dis Child. 1985 Nov;139(11):1111–1114. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140130049028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Mito K., Chiba Y., Suga K., Nakao T. Cellular immune response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus and influence of breast-feeding on the response. J Med Virol. 1984;14(4):323–332. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890140405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Murphy B. R., Graham B. S., Prince G. A., Walsh E. E., Chanock R. M., Karzon D. T., Wright P. F. Serum and nasal-wash immunoglobulin G and A antibody response of infants and children to respiratory syncytial virus F and G glycoproteins following primary infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jun;23(6):1009–1014. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.6.1009-1014.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Peavy D. L., Powers C. N., Knight V. Inhibition of murine plaque-forming cell responses in vivo by ribavirin. J Immunol. 1981 Mar;126(3):861–864. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Perrin L. H., Tishon A., Oldstone M. B. Immunologic injury in measles virus infection. III. Presence and characterization of human cytotoxic lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1977 Jan;118(1):282–290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Porter D. D., Muck K. B., Prince G. A. The age dependence of respiratory syncytial virus growth in ferret lung can be shown in organ and monolayer cultures. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1980 Mar;15(3):415–423. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(80)90053-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Powers C. N., Peavy D. L., Knight V. Selective inhibition of functional lymphocyte subpopulations by ribavirin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jul;22(1):108–114. doi: 10.1128/aac.22.1.108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Prince G. A., Horswood R. L., Camargo E., Koenig D., Chanock R. M. Mechanisms of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus in cotton rats. Infect Immun. 1983 Oct;42(1):81–87. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.1.81-87.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Prince G. A., Horswood R. L., Chanock R. M. Quantitative aspects of passive immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in infant cotton rats. J Virol. 1985 Sep;55(3):517–520. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.3.517-520.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Prince G. A., Horswood R. L., Koenig D. W., Chanock R. M. Antigenic analysis of a putative new strain of respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1985 Apr;151(4):634–637. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.4.634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Prince G. A., Jenson A. B., Hemming V. G., Murphy B. R., Walsh E. E., Horswood R. L., Chanock R. M. Enhancement of respiratory syncytial virus pulmonary pathology in cotton rats by prior intramuscular inoculation of formalin-inactiva ted virus. J Virol. 1986 Mar;57(3):721–728. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.721-728.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Pullan C. R., Hey E. N. Wheezing, asthma, and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Jun 5;284(6330):1665–1669. doi: 10.1136/bmj.284.6330.1665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Richardson L. S., Yolken R. H., Belshe R. B., Camargo E., Kim H. W., Chanock R. M. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of serological response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Infect Immun. 1978 Jun;20(3):660–664. doi: 10.1128/iai.20.3.660-664.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Rosner I. K., Welliver R. C., Edelson P. J., Geraci-Ciardullo K., Sun M. Effect of ribavirin therapy on respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE and IgA responses after infection. J Infect Dis. 1987 May;155(5):1043–1047. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.5.1043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Routledge E. G., McQuillin J., Samson A. C., Toms G. L. The development of monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and their use in diagnosis by indirect immunofluorescence. J Med Virol. 1985 Mar;15(3):305–320. doi: 10.1002/jmv.1890150311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Rutter N., Milner A. D., Hiller E. J. Effect of bronchodilators on respiratory resistance in infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Arch Dis Child. 1975 Sep;50(9):719–722. doi: 10.1136/adc.50.9.719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Schauf V., Purcell C., Mizen M., Mizen S. Lymphocyte transformation in response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1979 Sep;161(4):564–569. doi: 10.3181/00379727-161-40597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Scott R., De Landazuri M. O., Gardner P. S., Owen J. J. Detection of antibody to respiratory syncytial virus by membrane fluorescence. Clin Exp Immunol. 1976 Oct;26(1):78–85. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Scott R., Kaul A., Scott M., Chiba Y., Ogra P. L. Development of in vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in humans. J Infect Dis. 1978 Jun;137(6):810–817. doi: 10.1093/infdis/137.6.810. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Scott R., de Landazuri M. O., Gardner P. S., Owen J. J. Human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977 Apr;28(1):19–26. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Sims D. G., Downham M. A., Gardner P. S., Webb J. K., Weightman D. Study of 8-year-old children with a history of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy. Br Med J. 1978 Jan 7;1(6104):11–14. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6104.11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Sullivan J. L., Mayner R. E., Barry D. W., Ennis F. A. Influenza virus infection in nude mice. J Infect Dis. 1976 Jan;133(1):91–94. doi: 10.1093/infdis/133.1.91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Sun C. S., Wyde P. R., Wilson S. Z., Knight V. Cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in lungs of cotton rats infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Apr;127(4):460–464. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.4.460. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Swenson P. D., Kaplan M. H. Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates by a commercial enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Mar;23(3):485–488. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.3.485-488.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Taber L. H., Knight V., Gilbert B. E., McClung H. W., Wilson S. Z., Norton H. J., Thurson J. M., Gordon W. H., Atmar R. L., Schlaudt W. R. Ribavirin aerosol treatment of bronchiolitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Pediatrics. 1983 Nov;72(5):613–618. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Treuhaft M. W., Soukup J. M., Sullivan B. J. Practical recommendations for the detection of pediatric respiratory syncytial virus infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Aug;22(2):270–273. doi: 10.1128/jcm.22.2.270-273.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Walsh E. E., Hall C. B., Briselli M., Brandriss M. W., Schlesinger J. J. Immunization with glycoprotein subunits of respiratory syncytial virus to protect cotton rats against viral infection. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jun;155(6):1198–1204. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.6.1198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Waner J. L., Whitehurst N. J., Jonas S., Wall L., Shalaby H. Isolation of viruses from specimens submitted for direct immunofluorescence test for respiratory syncytial virus. J Pediatr. 1986 Feb;108(2):249–250. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(86)80993-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Welliver R. C., Kaul A., Ogra P. L. Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: relationship to the development of reactive airway disease. J Pediatr. 1979 Mar;94(3):370–375. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(79)80573-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Welliver R. C., Kaul T. N., Ogra P. L. The appearance of cell-bound IgE in respiratory-tract epithelium after respiratory-syncytial-virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1980 Nov 20;303(21):1198–1202. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198011203032103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Welliver R. C., Kaul T. N., Putnam T. I., Sun M., Riddlesberger K., Ogra P. L. The antibody response to primary and secondary infection with respiratory syncytial virus: kinetics of class-specific responses. J Pediatr. 1980 May;96(5):808–813. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80547-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Welliver R. C., Kaul T. N., Sun M., Ogra P. L. Defective regulation of immune responses in respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Immunol. 1984 Oct;133(4):1925–1930. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Welliver R. C., Sun M., Rinaldo D., Ogra P. L. Respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE responses following infection: evidence for a predominantly mucosal response. Pediatr Res. 1985 May;19(5):420–424. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198505000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Welliver R. C., Wong D. T., Sun M., Middleton E., Jr, Vaughan R. S., Ogra P. L. The development of respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE and the release of histamine in nasopharyngeal secretions after infection. N Engl J Med. 1981 Oct 8;305(15):841–846. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198110083051501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Wyde P. R., Couch R. B., Mackler B. F., Cate T. R., Levy B. M. Effects of low- and high-passage influenza virus infection in normal and nude mice. Infect Immun. 1977 Jan;15(1):221–229. doi: 10.1128/iai.15.1.221-229.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES